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𝗔𝗠𝗕𝗥𝗢𝗜𝗦𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗦 𝗔𝗻𝗲𝗰𝗱𝗼𝘁𝗲𝘀, 𝗖𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗵 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗦𝘂𝗿𝘃𝗶𝘃𝗼𝗿 𝗔𝗺𝗯𝗿𝗼𝗶𝘀𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗼𝗺𝗮𝘀 was one of the central figures of nineteenth-century French opera, although his reputation today rests above all on two works:…

𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐞𝐧 𝐛𝐲 𝐁𝐢𝐳𝐞𝐭, 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚 — 𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬 - Complete Audio in patreon: https://www.patreon.com/collection/2074467 𝐁𝐈𝐙𝐄𝐓’𝐒 𝐂𝐀𝐑𝐌𝐄𝐍 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐇𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐎𝐅 𝐈𝐓𝐒 𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍, 𝐏𝐑𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐄𝐑𝐄, 𝐈𝐌𝐏𝐀𝐂𝐓 𝐈𝐍 𝐈𝐓𝐒 𝐎𝐖𝐍 𝐓𝐈𝐌𝐄, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐑𝐄𝐅𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐄 𝐑𝐄𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐃𝐈𝐍𝐆𝐒 𝐈. 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗢𝗭 𝗔𝗦 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗕𝗬 𝗛𝗜𝗠𝗦𝗘𝗟𝗙 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟭𝟲 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝗝𝘂𝗱𝗴𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗶𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗧𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗪𝗮𝘀 𝗡𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝗕𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗱 𝗕𝗲𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗘𝘅𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗱 — 𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟳 By 𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟳, 𝗛𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗼𝘇 had…

𝗝𝗔𝗖𝗤𝗨𝗘𝗦 𝗢𝗙𝗙𝗘𝗡𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗢𝗡𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗟𝗜𝗦𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗧𝗧𝗔𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔𝗦 Jacques Offenbach composed nearly one hundred lyric stage works. In English-language reference usage, most of these works are broadly called “operettas,” although Offenbach himself used…

𝗢𝗙𝗙𝗘𝗡𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛, 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗔𝗚𝗘𝗗 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗨𝗦𝗦 𝗜𝗜 𝗧𝗢 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗘 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗧𝗧𝗔𝗦 𝗝𝗔𝗖𝗤𝗨𝗘𝗦 𝗢𝗙𝗙𝗘𝗡𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗨𝗦𝗦 𝗜𝗜: 𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗜𝗦, 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗔, 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗧𝗧𝗔, 𝗪𝗔𝗟𝗧𝗭, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗜𝗥𝗧𝗛 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗢𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗡 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗧𝗔𝗜𝗡𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗝𝗮𝗰𝗾𝘂𝗲𝘀 𝗢𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗻𝗯𝗮𝗰𝗵, born Jacob Offenbach in…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜𝗜 𝗥𝗨𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗨𝗚𝗛𝗘𝗦 𝗔𝗡 𝗢𝗠𝗡𝗜𝗕𝗨𝗦 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 — 𝗧𝗥𝗢𝗨𝗕𝗔𝗗𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗦, 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔 𝗦𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗘𝗥𝗦, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗚𝗢𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘𝗦 After the extraordinary and almost demonic atmosphere of 𝗣𝗮𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗶 and the violin, Rupert…

𝗚𝗶𝗼𝘃𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗶 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶 — 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗧𝗲𝗻𝗼𝗿 𝗢𝗳 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗲𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗻 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮 𝗚𝗶𝗼𝘃𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗶 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶 was one of the most celebrated Italian tenors of the twentieth century, a singer whose long career joined the late Verdian…

𝗪𝗛𝗘𝗡 𝗟𝗜𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗘 𝗦𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗔𝗟𝗟𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗕𝗘𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗’𝗦 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗦 Opera has always lived at the crossroads of several arts. It is music, theatre, poetry, painting, gesture, architecture, and psychological drama…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗠𝗘𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗘𝗫𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗩𝗔𝗚𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘𝗦, 𝗪𝗜𝗧, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗗𝗘𝗟𝗜𝗚𝗛𝗧𝗙𝗨𝗟 𝗘𝗖𝗖𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗘𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗜𝗢𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗡𝗢 𝗥𝗢𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗡𝗜 Few great composers have left behind an image as irresistible, theatrical, and paradoxical as 𝗚𝗶𝗼𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗼 𝗥𝗼𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗶. He was at once a…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗔𝗠𝗢𝗨𝗦 𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗜𝗦 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔, 𝟭𝟴𝟳𝟱 𝗔 𝗠𝗢𝗡𝗨𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗕𝗢𝗥𝗡 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗜𝗠𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗔𝗟 𝗔𝗠𝗕𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗦𝗣𝗟𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗢𝗨𝗥 In 1875, Paris received one of the most dazzling theatrical monuments ever built in Europe: the new opera house now…

𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐆𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐨𝐝: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭 𝐎𝐟 𝐒𝐨𝐮𝐥, 𝐋𝐨𝐯𝐞, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐡 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐆𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚 𝐈𝐭𝐬 𝐅𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐈𝐭𝐬 𝐉𝐮𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐭 There are composers who astonish by formal innovation, others by orchestral daring, and others by the…

# **Hector Berlioz on Mozart — Opinions, Quotes, and Sources** Few 19th-century composers revered Mozart with the same mixture of awe, affection, and artistic gratitude as **Hector Berlioz**. Although Berlioz was temperamentally distant from…

𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹: 𝗟𝗮 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝘂𝗿𝗿𝗲𝘇𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗲 (𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟴), 𝗛𝗪𝗩 𝟰𝟳 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyYb_jismA4&list=OLAK5uy_leh_SH3vlzDMJEDqOgpoRr9iRT1tFVJG0&index=93 𝗘𝗺𝗺𝗮 𝗞𝗶𝗿𝗸𝗯𝘆 (𝟮𝟲 𝗙𝗲𝗯𝗿𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟵𝟰𝟵 – ), 𝗝𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗕𝗼𝘄𝗺𝗮𝗻 (𝟲 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟵𝟰𝟭 – 𝟮𝟳 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟯), 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗝𝗮𝗿𝘃𝗶𝘀 𝗛𝗮𝗹𝗲𝘆 𝗛𝗼𝗴𝘄𝗼𝗼𝗱 (𝟭𝟬 𝗦𝗲𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟵𝟰𝟭 – 𝟮𝟰 𝗦𝗲𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿…