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𝗚𝗼𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗲'𝘀 𝗙𝗮𝘃𝗼𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗪𝗼𝗹𝗳𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗴 𝘃𝗼𝗻 𝗚𝗼𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗲 (𝟭𝟳𝟰𝟵–𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟮), one of the foundational figures of 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻 literature and a central figure of the 𝗦𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗺 𝘂𝗻𝗱 𝗗𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗴 and 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗿 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝘀𝗺, was deeply influenced by music and…

𝐓𝐮𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐨 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐟𝐢𝐧: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐒𝐡𝐚𝐩𝐞𝐝 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚, 𝐂𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐬, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐁𝐞𝐥 𝐂𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐧 𝐀𝐠𝐞 There are opera conductors who serve repertory, and there are opera conductors who seem almost to stand…

𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐃𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐊 𝐃𝐄𝐋𝐈𝐔𝐒 𝐋𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐒𝐈𝐆𝐇𝐓... 𝐁𝐔𝐓 𝐍𝐄𝐕𝐄𝐑 𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐏𝐏𝐄𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐃𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐊 𝐃𝐄𝐋𝐈𝐔𝐒 𝐋𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐒𝐈𝐆𝐇𝐓... 𝐁𝐔𝐓 𝐍𝐄𝐕𝐄𝐑 𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐏𝐏𝐄𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐍𝐆 One of Britain's most original composers created some of his greatest masterpieces after becoming almost completely…

𝗦𝘁𝗲𝗳𝗮𝗻 𝗦𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 — 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 He is one of the sons of Kurt Sanderling and belongs to the same remarkable conducting family as Thomas Sanderling and Michael Sanderling. Stefan Sanderling was born in East Berlin…

𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝗖𝗮𝗹𝗹𝗮𝘀 (𝟭𝟵𝟮𝟯–𝟳𝟳) as 𝗙𝗹𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗮 in 𝗚𝗶𝗮𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗼 𝗣𝘂𝗰𝗰𝗶𝗻𝗶’𝘀 𝗧𝗼𝘀𝗰𝗮 at the 𝗥𝗼𝘆𝗮𝗹 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮 𝗛𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗲, photo 𝗛𝗼𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗻 𝗥𝗼𝗴𝗲𝗿𝘀 (𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟮–𝟳𝟬). Black and white photography. London, England, 1964.

# **PSYCHOLOGICAL PORTRAITS OF TOSCA, CAVARADOSSI, AND SCARPIA** ## **I. Floria Tosca — The Woman Torn Between Faith, Passion, and Instinct** Floria Tosca is one of opera’s most psychologically multidimensional heroines. Onstage she appears…