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𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗖𝗘𝗟𝗘𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗗 𝗤𝗨𝗢𝗧𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦 The most reliable ones are devotional inscriptions, annotations, or statements preserved through later documentary tradition; many of the best-known Bach aphorisms are modern circulation pieces and should be…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗢𝗭 𝗔𝗦 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗕𝗬 𝗛𝗜𝗠𝗦𝗘𝗟𝗙 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟯 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗦𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗹𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗼𝗹𝗲𝘁 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗗𝗿𝗮𝘄𝗲𝗿 — 𝗖𝗶𝗿𝗰𝗮 𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟱–𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟲 In the memory of 𝗛𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗼𝘇, love and music seemed…

𝗖𝗔𝗥𝗟 𝗣𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗜𝗣𝗣 𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗨𝗘𝗟 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗕𝗘𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 𝗖𝗮𝗿𝗹 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗽𝗽 𝗘𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗲𝗹 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟴 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟰, 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗿, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟰 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟴, 𝗛𝗮𝗺𝗯𝘂𝗿𝗴, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 Among the sons of 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟵 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗮𝗿 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗽𝗼𝗶𝗻𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗣𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗶𝗻 𝗟𝗲𝗶𝗽𝘇𝗶𝗴: 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗲𝗿, 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿, 𝗧𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿, 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗮𝗿, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗧𝗵𝗼𝘂𝗴𝗵𝘁 After the first…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 𝗖. 𝗙. 𝗔𝗯𝗱𝘆 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗺𝘀 — 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜𝗩 𝗖𝗼̈𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗻: 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰, 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝘃𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗦𝗼𝗿𝗿𝗼𝘄, 𝗔𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗼𝗮𝗱 𝗧𝗼 𝗟𝗲𝗶𝗽𝘇𝗶𝗴 𝗜. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗲𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗢𝗳 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜𝗩 Chapter IV of C. F. Abdy Williams’s 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 𝗖. 𝗙. 𝗔𝗯𝗱𝘆 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗺𝘀 — 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜𝗜𝗜 𝗠𝘂̈𝗵𝗹𝗵𝗮𝘂𝘀𝗲𝗻 𝗔𝗻𝗱 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗿: 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗢𝗿𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁 𝗧𝗼 𝗠𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗢𝗳 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗢𝗿𝗴𝗮𝗻 𝗜. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗲𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗢𝗳 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜𝗜𝗜 Chapter III of C. F. Abdy Williams’s…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 𝗖. 𝗙. 𝗔𝗯𝗱𝘆 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗺𝘀 — 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜𝗜 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗘𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗻𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝘁𝗼 𝗔𝗿𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗱𝘁: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗢𝗳 𝗔 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀 𝗜. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗽𝗶𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘂𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝗻𝗱 𝗔𝗿𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗣𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗶𝘁 𝗔𝘁 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗢𝗳 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜𝗜 Chapter II…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗛𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗟𝗨𝗗𝗪𝗜𝗚 𝗩𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 (𝗜𝗜) “𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗕𝗼𝗻𝗻” (𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟰–𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟴) 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟴: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝘄𝗮𝗸𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗼𝗳 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗱 By 𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟰, Ludwig was four years old and already known among neighbors for his…

## 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 — CHAPTER 2 - 𝗣𝗔𝗣𝗔: 𝗟𝗘𝗢𝗣𝗢𝗟𝗗, 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗜𝗥𝗔𝗖𝗟𝗘, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗞𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗗𝗜𝗚𝗬 𝗟𝗲𝗼𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗱’𝘀 𝗳𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗽𝗿𝗶𝗼𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆: 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘃𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻 𝗺𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗱, 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗯𝗮𝗯𝘆 In Swafford’s portrait, **the “miracle” in…

# **J.S.Bach - Pedagogy and Keyboard Genius — Thinking Before Dazzling** For **Johann Sebastian Bach**, teaching was never a secondary or utilitarian activity. It was **the continuation of the same intellectual and spiritual mission**…

# **J.S.Bach - Orphanhood and the Discipline of Johann Christoph** In **1694**, when **Johann Sebastian Bach** was only **nine years old**, he lost his mother, **Elisabeth Lämmerhirt**. Less than a year later, in **1695**,…

𝐒𝐎𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐆𝐄 𝐃𝐔𝐃𝐄𝐕𝐀𝐍𝐓-𝐒𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐃𝐀𝐔𝐆𝐇𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝐎𝐅 𝐆𝐄𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐄 𝐒𝐀𝐍𝐃, 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐄, 𝐑𝐄𝐁𝐄𝐋, 𝐖𝐑𝐈𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐎𝐍𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄𝐗 𝐅𝐈𝐆𝐔𝐑𝐄𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐏𝐈𝐍’𝐒 𝐅𝐈𝐍𝐀𝐋 𝐘𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐒 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐃𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐭-𝐒𝐚𝐧𝐝, later known as 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐂𝐥é𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐫-𝐒𝐚𝐧𝐝, was born in 1828 into a family…

𝐆𝐄𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐄 𝐒𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐄-𝐀𝐔𝐑𝐎𝐑𝐄-𝐋𝐔𝐂𝐈𝐋𝐄 𝐃𝐔𝐏𝐈𝐍 — 𝐖𝐑𝐈𝐓𝐄𝐑, 𝐑𝐄𝐁𝐄𝐋, 𝐋𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐑, 𝐌𝐎𝐓𝐇𝐄𝐑 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐎𝐍𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐀𝐓 𝐕𝐎𝐈𝐂𝐄𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐇 𝐑𝐎𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐈𝐒𝐌 Few figures in nineteenth-century French culture united so many apparently contradictory identities as 𝐆𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐒𝐚𝐧𝐝. She…

𝐏𝐀𝐔𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐄 𝐕𝐈𝐀𝐑𝐃𝐎𝐓 — 𝐀 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 𝐀𝐓 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐇𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐑𝐎𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐂 𝐄𝐔𝐑𝐎𝐏𝐄 Few personalities of the nineteenth century allow us to trace the cultural history of Romantic Europe as fully as 𝐏𝐚𝐮𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐕𝐢𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐨𝐭 (𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟏–𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟎). Her…

𝐇𝐞𝐫𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐭 𝐯𝐨𝐧 𝐊𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐣𝐚𝐧 (1908–1989) was an Austrian conductor and one of the most celebrated and influential musical figures of the 20th century. Born in 𝐒𝐚𝐥𝐳𝐛𝐮𝐫𝐠, he studied at the 𝐌𝐨𝐳𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐞𝐮𝐦 and in Vienna before…

𝐋𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐤𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐤𝐢 (1882–1977) was a British-born conductor and one of the most innovative and charismatic musical figures of the 20th century. Born in 𝐋𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐧, he studied at the 𝐑𝐨𝐲𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜 and began…

𝐋𝐞𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐁𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐢𝐧 (1918–1990) was an American conductor, composer, pianist and educator, and one of the most charismatic and influential musical figures of the 20th century. Born in 𝐋𝐚𝐰𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞, Massachusetts, he studied at 𝐇𝐚𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐝 and…

𝐒𝐢𝐫 𝐓𝐡𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐬 𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐦 (1879–1961) was a British conductor and impresario, and one of the most charismatic and influential musical figures of the 20th century. Born in 𝐒𝐭 𝐇𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐬, Lancashire, into a wealthy family, he…

𝐑𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐬 (1864–1949) was a German composer and conductor, and one of the most important musical figures of the late Romantic and early modern eras. Born in 𝐌𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐡, he was the son of the…

𝐅𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐳 𝐁𝐮𝐬𝐜𝐡 (1890–1951) was a German conductor and one of the most distinguished interpreters of opera and the symphonic repertoire of his generation. Born in 𝐒𝐢𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐧, Germany, into a remarkable musical family, he studied…

𝐁𝐄𝐄𝐓𝐇𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐍’𝐒 𝐃𝐄𝐀𝐓𝐇 𝐌𝐀𝐒𝐊 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐈𝐋𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐅𝐀𝐂𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐔𝐒 Ludwig van Beethoven died in Vienna on the afternoon of 26 March 1827, in his apartment in the Schwarzspanierhaus, after a long period of…

𝐖𝐎𝐉𝐂𝐈𝐄𝐂𝐇 𝐆𝐑𝐙𝐘𝐌𝐀Ł𝐀 — 𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐏𝐈𝐍’𝐒 𝐅𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐃, 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐅𝐈𝐃𝐀𝐍𝐓 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀𝐃𝐕𝐈𝐒𝐄𝐑 𝐈𝐍 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐒 The figure of 𝐖𝐨𝐣𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝐆𝐫𝐳𝐲𝐦𝐚ł𝐚 occupies a far more important place in the life of Fryderyk Chopin than his relative absence from popular biographies…

𝐉Ó𝐙𝐄𝐅 𝐄𝐋𝐒𝐍𝐄𝐑 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐅𝐑𝐘𝐃𝐄𝐑𝐘𝐊 𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐏𝐈𝐍 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐓𝐄𝐀𝐂𝐇𝐄𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐑𝐄𝐂𝐎𝐆𝐍𝐈𝐙𝐄𝐃 𝐀 𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐔𝐒 Józef Elsner (1769–1854) was one of the decisive figures in Chopin’s artistic formation. Strictly speaking, Elsner was primarily a composer, conductor, theorist…