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𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐦 𝐅𝐮𝐫𝐭𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞𝐫 (1886–1954) was a German conductor and composer, and one of the most influential and legendary conductors of the 20th century. Born in 𝐁𝐞𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐧 into a distinguished intellectual family, he received an extensive…

𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗿𝗴𝗲 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗰 𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗟 (𝟭𝟲𝟴𝟱–𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟵) 𝗦𝗼𝘀𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗲, 𝗛𝗪𝗩 𝟯𝟬 https://www.patreon.com/ClassicMusicComposersGroup/posts/handel-sosarme-163220256?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮 𝘀𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝗶𝗻 𝟯 𝗮𝗰𝘁𝘀 Created in London, February 15, 1732 𝗟𝗶𝗯𝗿𝗲𝘁𝘁𝗼: 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗼 𝗦𝗮𝗹𝘃𝗶 𝗖𝗔𝗦𝗧 𝗦𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗵 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗘𝗹é𝗼𝗻𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗣𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗿𝗮𝘇𝗶 𝗥é𝗺𝘆 𝗕𝗿è𝘀-𝗙𝗲𝘂𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗲𝘁 𝗡𝗶𝗰𝗼𝗹ò 𝗕𝗮𝗹𝗱𝘂𝗰𝗰𝗶 𝗟𝗼𝗴𝗮𝗻 𝗟𝗼𝗽𝗲𝘇 𝗚𝗼𝗻𝘇𝗮𝗹𝗲𝘇…

𝗠𝗨𝗭𝗜𝗢 𝗖𝗟𝗘𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗔𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗢𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗧𝗘𝗖𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗢𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗡 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗢 𝗧𝗘𝗖𝗛𝗡𝗜𝗤𝗨𝗘 𝗠𝘂𝘇𝗶𝗼 𝗖𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟮𝟯 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟮, 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗲, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟬 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟮, 𝗘𝘃𝗲𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗺, 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱 Among the great figures in the…

𝗟𝗨𝗜𝗚𝗜 𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗥𝗨𝗕𝗜𝗡𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢𝗦𝗘 𝗗𝗥𝗔𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗘 𝗪𝗔𝗦 𝗔𝗗𝗠𝗜𝗥𝗘𝗗 𝗕𝗬 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 𝗟𝘂𝗶𝗴𝗶 𝗖𝗵𝗲𝗿𝘂𝗯𝗶𝗻𝗶 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟴 𝗦𝗲𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟲𝟬, 𝗙𝗹𝗼𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟱 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟮, 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 Among the great transitional figures between the Classical…

𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗢𝗟𝗗 𝗥𝗢𝗦𝗘́ 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗨𝗦𝗦 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗙𝗘𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗖𝗢𝗟𝗟𝗔𝗕𝗢𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡, 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗘 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗚𝗘, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗘𝗡𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗 The relationship between 𝗔𝗿𝗻𝗼𝗹𝗱 𝗥𝗼𝘀𝗲́ 𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟯–𝟭𝟵𝟰𝟲 and 𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘂𝘀𝘀 𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟰–𝟭𝟵𝟰𝟵 was not primarily a friendship of daily intimacy…

𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘𝗦𝗖𝗢 𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗜𝗔 𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗔𝗖𝗜𝗡𝗜 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲, 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗸𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗱 𝗼𝗳 𝗮𝗻 𝗘𝗰𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗰 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗼 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝗩𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗰𝗶𝗻𝗶 was born in 𝗙𝗹𝗼𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 on 𝗙𝗲𝗯𝗿𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭, 𝟭𝟲𝟵𝟬, into a family already associated with music. He belonged to…

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐋𝐢𝐟𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐇𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐥 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟰: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔 𝗘𝗠𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗢𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗟𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗢𝗡 (𝟭𝟳𝟮𝟬𝘀–𝟭𝟳𝟯𝟬𝘀) By the beginning of the 1720s, Handel had passed beyond the stage of being merely a brilliant foreign composer in England.…

𝐉𝐄𝐀𝐍-𝐏𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐈𝐏𝐏𝐄 𝐑𝐀𝐌𝐄𝐀𝐔 (𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟑–𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟒): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683–1764) was born on 25 September 1683 and died on 12 September 1764. He is often remembered as the supreme…

𝐃𝐎𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐂𝐎 𝐒𝐂𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐀𝐓𝐓𝐈 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐖𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐔𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐊𝐄𝐘𝐁𝐎𝐀𝐑𝐃: 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐍𝐄𝐀𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐓𝐀𝐍 𝐂𝐎𝐔𝐑𝐓𝐒 𝐓𝐎 𝐒𝐏𝐀𝐈𝐍’𝐒 𝐅𝐋𝐀𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐎 𝐒𝐇𝐀𝐃𝐎𝐖 (1685–1757) 𝐈. 𝐍𝐄𝐀𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐓𝐀𝐍 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐈𝐍𝐓𝐎 𝐀 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐃𝐘𝐍𝐀𝐒𝐓𝐘 (1685–1701) 𝐃𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐨 𝐒𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐢 was born in Naples on 26 October…

𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗚𝗜𝗨 𝗖𝗘𝗟𝗜𝗕𝗜𝗗𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗘 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗛𝗘𝗡𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗬 𝗢𝗙 𝗦𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗗: 𝗔 𝗥𝗜𝗚𝗢𝗥𝗢𝗨𝗦 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗦𝗧𝗬𝗟𝗘 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗔𝗚𝗔𝗜𝗡𝗦𝗧 𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗗𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 Sergiu Celibidache (1912–1996) remains one of the most singular figures in twentieth-century conducting. From the beginning…

## **𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗 — 𝗦𝗨𝗖𝗖𝗘𝗦𝗦, 𝗠𝗬𝗧𝗛𝗦, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥’𝗦 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗣𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘** **𝗠𝗼𝘇𝗮𝗿𝘁’𝘀 𝗟𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗗𝗶𝗳𝗳𝗶𝗰𝘂𝗹𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝘅𝘁** Mozart experienced **some difficult periods toward the end of his life**, but Swafford stresses that hardship was not…

𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 𝗶𝗻 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗻 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 The most international voice of the German Baroque If Bach represents spiritual depth and Telemann represents versatility, 𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗿𝗴 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗰 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 (1685–1759) represents global success, theatrical genius and…

**Herbert von Karajan** (born April 5, 1908, in Salzburg – died July 16, 1989, in Anif) was one of the most influential and controversial conductors of the 20th century. Karajan rose to international prominence…

# **Handel - Rinaldo - Nicholas McGegan** [https://www.patreon.com/posts/handel-rinaldo-146976726?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link](https://www.patreon.com/posts/handel-rinaldo-146976726?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link) **Magic, Crusade, and the Birth of Italian Opera in London** **Rinaldo** occupies a unique and decisive place in Handel’s career: it was **his first Italian opera…

# **Otto Klemperer in 1905: a summary of his life and situation at that time** In **1905**, Otto Klemperer was **20 years old** and still in a **decisive formative phase**, far from public recognition…

# **Handel - Arminio - Laurence Cummings ** [https://www.patreon.com/posts/handel-arminio-145843802?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link](https://www.patreon.com/posts/handel-arminio-145843802?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link) *Arminio* was composed in **1736–1737**, during one of the most difficult and unstable phases of **Handel’s London career**. Italian opera was rapidly losing its dominant…

# THE BEETHOVEN SYMPHONIES ACCORDING TO NIKOLAUS HARNONCOURT A NARRATIVE COMPARISON WITH OTHER GREAT CYCLES When **Nikolaus Harnoncourt** recorded the Beethoven symphonies with the Chamber Orchestra of Europe between 1990 and 1991, few expected…

𝐒𝐎𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐆𝐄 𝐃𝐔𝐃𝐄𝐕𝐀𝐍𝐓-𝐒𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐃𝐀𝐔𝐆𝐇𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝐎𝐅 𝐆𝐄𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐄 𝐒𝐀𝐍𝐃, 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐄, 𝐑𝐄𝐁𝐄𝐋, 𝐖𝐑𝐈𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐎𝐍𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄𝐗 𝐅𝐈𝐆𝐔𝐑𝐄𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐏𝐈𝐍’𝐒 𝐅𝐈𝐍𝐀𝐋 𝐘𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐒 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐃𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐭-𝐒𝐚𝐧𝐝, later known as 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐂𝐥é𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐫-𝐒𝐚𝐧𝐝, was born in 1828 into a family…

𝐌𝐎𝐙𝐀𝐑𝐓 — 𝟐𝟎 𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐀𝐓 𝐑𝐄𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐃𝐈𝐍𝐆𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐒𝐘𝐌𝐏𝐇𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐄𝐒 𝐍𝐎𝐒. 𝟒𝟎 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝟒𝟏 Mozart’s final two symphonies invite radically different approaches. Symphony No. 40 in G minor, K. 550, thrives on tension, nervous energy and emotional…

## 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐎 𝐓𝐎𝐒𝐂𝐀𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐈 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐂𝐀𝐑𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐄 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐌𝐈𝐍𝐃 Arturo Toscanini became legendary for stepping onto the podium and conducting vast symphonies, operas and choral works **entirely from memory**. To…

# **MENDELSSOHN’S MUSICAL INFLUENCE ON OTHER COMPOSERS** The influence of **Felix Mendelssohn (1809–1847)** was far deeper than is sometimes acknowledged. He did not create a clearly defined “school” in the manner of Wagner or…

𝗠𝗔𝗛𝗟𝗘𝗥 𝗝𝗢𝗦𝗘 𝗟𝗨𝗜𝗦 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗭 𝗗𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗘𝗔𝗚𝗔 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟭𝟴 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗛𝗲𝗮𝗱𝘀, 𝗢𝗻𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝘂𝗺𝗺𝗲𝗿 𝗥𝗲𝘁𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗹𝘆 𝗕𝘂𝗶𝗹𝘁 𝗔𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀 When 𝗚𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘃 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 married 𝗔𝗹𝗺𝗮 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗱𝗹𝗲𝗿 in 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟮,…

𝗕𝗘𝗬𝗢𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗘𝗟𝗢𝗗𝗜𝗘𝗦: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗦𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗘𝗗 𝗥𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗢𝗙𝗙’𝗦 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗 The music of 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗲𝗶 𝗥𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗼𝗳𝗳 is instantly recognizable: long-breathed melodies, darkly glowing harmonies, immense climaxes, tolling bells, dense piano textures and an almost…

𝗘𝗨𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗘 𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝟭𝟱 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦 Eugene Ormandy remains inseparable from the Philadelphia Orchestra and the famously sumptuous sonority that became known throughout the world as the “Philadelphia Sound.” During his extraordinary tenure—first…