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1961 - 𝗔𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗝𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 (Gucki) (1904–1988) and 𝗔𝗹𝗺𝗮 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 (1879–1964).

𝗔𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗝𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 — 𝗚𝘂𝗰𝗸𝗶 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗸 𝗼𝗳 𝗚𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘃 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿’𝘀 𝗦𝘂𝗿𝘃𝗶𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗗𝗮𝘂𝗴𝗵𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗔𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗝𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿, known in the family as 𝗚𝘂𝗰𝗸𝗶, was born in Vienna on 15 June 1904 and died in…

Year 1906. 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝗔𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 (Putzi) (1902–1907), 𝗔𝗹𝗺𝗮 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 (1879–1964) and 𝗔𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗝𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 (Gucki) (1904–1988).

Year 1905. House 𝗚𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘃 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 Maiernigg 1901–1907 (Villa Mahler, Maiernigg No. 31). 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝗔𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 (Putzi) (1902–1907), 𝗔𝗹𝗺𝗮 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 (1879–1964), 𝗚𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘃 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 (1860–1911) and 𝗔𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗝𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 (Gucki) (1904–1988).

𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗳𝗹𝗶𝗰𝘁: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗙𝗮𝗺𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗮𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗛𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 The history of classical music is often presented as a noble succession of geniuses: 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵, 𝗛𝗮𝘆𝗱𝗻, 𝗠𝗼𝘇𝗮𝗿𝘁, 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻, 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁,…

𝗕𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗳𝗹𝗶𝗰𝘁: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗙𝗮𝗺𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗮𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗛𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 The history of orchestral conducting is not made only of great interpretations, legendary recordings, schools of performance, and unforgettable…

𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗛𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗼𝗺𝗮𝘀 𝗠𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰: 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗪𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻, 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗲𝗿, 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿, 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗲𝗻𝗯𝗲𝗿𝗴 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗶𝗿 𝗧𝗶𝗺𝗲 The relationship of 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗛𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗲 and 𝗧𝗵𝗼𝗺𝗮𝘀 𝗠𝗮𝗻𝗻 with classical music was profound,…

𝐋𝐢𝐥𝐢 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐍𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐚 𝐁𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐫 𝐓𝐰𝐨 𝐒𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬, 𝐓𝐰𝐨 𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐬, 𝐎𝐧𝐞 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 The history of 𝐋𝐢𝐥𝐢 𝐁𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐫 and 𝐍𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐚 𝐁𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐫 is one of the most moving and paradoxical stories in modern music. They were sisters,…

𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗮 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻, 𝗗ü𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗹𝗱𝗼𝗿𝗳, around 𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟰/𝟱𝟱 𝗗𝗮𝗴𝘂𝗲𝗿𝗿𝗲𝗼𝘁𝘆𝗽𝗲 𝗯𝘆 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗺 𝗦𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗻 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗛𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗲, 𝗭𝘄𝗶𝗰𝗸𝗮𝘂 Here, 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗮 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 is seen with her eldest daughter, 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗲𝗲𝗻-𝘆𝗲𝗮𝗿-𝗼𝗹𝗱 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗲 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻, in a daguerreotype taken in 𝗗ü𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗹𝗱𝗼𝗿𝗳 around…

𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 (𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟬–𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟲), at the age of 44 𝗗𝗿𝗮𝘄𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝗽𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗹𝘆 𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗼𝘂𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗵𝗲𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗱 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝘄𝗵𝗶𝘁𝗲, by 𝗝𝗲𝗮𝗻-𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵-𝗕𝗼𝗻𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲 𝗟𝗮𝘂𝗿𝗲𝗻𝘀 𝗗ü𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗹𝗱𝗼𝗿𝗳, 𝟭𝟰–𝟭𝟲 𝗢𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟯 𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗜𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁, 𝗗ü𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗹𝗱𝗼𝗿𝗳 This is one of 𝘀𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗱𝗿𝗮𝘄𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁…

𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 (𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟬–𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟲) 𝗟𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗽𝗵 𝗯𝘆 𝗘𝗱𝘂𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗞𝗮𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗿, 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟳 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗛𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗲, 𝗭𝘄𝗶𝗰𝗸𝗮𝘂

𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗮 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗟𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗽𝗵 𝗯𝘆 𝗘𝗱𝘂𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗞𝗮𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗿, 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟳 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗛𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗲, 𝗭𝘄𝗶𝗰𝗸𝗮𝘂 𝗘𝗱𝘂𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗞𝗮𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗿, a native of Graz, created 𝘁𝘄𝗼 𝗹𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗽𝗵𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗽𝗹𝗲 during their stay in 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗶𝗻…

𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 (𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟬–𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟲), aged 34 𝗦𝘁𝗲𝗲𝗹 𝗲𝗻𝗴𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗯𝘆 𝗔𝘂𝗴𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗲 𝗛ü𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗿, 𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟳, after a missing painting by 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗳 𝗠𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗵ö𝘂𝘀 𝗔𝗶𝗴𝗻𝗲𝗿 (𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟴–𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟲) of 𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟰 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝗱𝘁𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗲𝘂𝗺 𝗕𝗼𝗻𝗻 This sheet, furnished with 𝗮 𝗳𝗮𝗰𝘀𝗶𝗺𝗶𝗹𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻’𝘀 𝘀𝗶𝗴𝗻𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲,…

𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 (𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟬–𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟲), aged 29 𝗟𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗽𝗵 𝗯𝘆 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗞𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗵𝘂𝗯𝗲𝗿, 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, 𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟵 𝗦𝗼𝗰𝗶𝗲𝘁𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗱𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮 / 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗶𝘃𝗲𝘀, 𝗟𝗶𝗯𝗿𝗮𝗿𝘆, 𝗖𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 Schumann’s portrait by 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗞𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗵𝘂𝗯𝗲𝗿, who created numerous lithographs of prominent — and…

𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 (𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟬–𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟲), aged about 16 𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲, around 𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟲 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗛𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗲, 𝗭𝘄𝗶𝗰𝗸𝗮𝘂 This coloured miniature is 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗽𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗲𝗱 𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄 𝗼𝗳 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 and probably dates from 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘆𝗲𝗮𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗳𝗮𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿’𝘀 𝗱𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵.…

𝗙𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘅 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 (1854–1879), at the age of 18 Youngest child of 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 and 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗮 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 Photograph, 1872 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁-𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻-𝗛𝗮𝘂𝘀, Zwickau 𝗙𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘅 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 was the youngest child of 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 and 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗮 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻. He was born…

𝗙𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝘀 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗶𝗹𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗱𝗼𝘄 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗡𝗮𝗺𝗲 𝗜. 𝗔 𝗟𝗶𝗻𝗸 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗴𝗲𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗴𝗵 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗛𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗲𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗱 The relationship between 𝗙𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 (1849–1891) and 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝘀 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀 was not one of artistic…

𝗙𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 (1849–1891), at the age of 20 Son of 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 and 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗮 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁-𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻-𝗛𝗮𝘂𝘀 𝗭𝘄𝗶𝗰𝗸𝗮𝘂 This photograph shows 𝗙𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻, the son of 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 and 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗮 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻, as a handsome young man…

𝗟𝘂𝗱𝘄𝗶𝗴 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 (1848–1899), at the age of 16 Son of 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 and 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗮 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 Photography, around 1864 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁-𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻-𝗛𝗮𝘂𝘀 𝗭𝘄𝗶𝗰𝗸𝗮𝘂 𝗟𝘂𝗱𝘄𝗶𝗴 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 was the 𝗳𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝘀𝘂𝗿𝘃𝗶𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘀𝗼𝗻 of 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 and 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗮 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻. An earlier…

𝗔𝘂𝗴𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 (Father of 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻) was born in 𝗘𝗻𝗱𝘀𝗰𝗵ü𝘁𝘇 on 𝟮 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟯, the son of a poor pastor. Although his early life seemed to direct him toward a practical commercial career, his…

𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗲 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻, née 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗻𝗮𝗯𝗲𝗹, (Mother of 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻) was born in 𝗞𝗮𝗿𝘀𝗱𝗼𝗿𝗳 on 𝟮𝟴 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟲𝟳, the eldest daughter of 𝗔𝗯𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗮𝗺 𝗚𝗼𝘁𝘁𝗹𝗼𝗯 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗻𝗮𝗯𝗲𝗹 (1737–1809) and 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲 𝗦𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗶𝗲 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗻𝗮𝗯𝗲𝗹, née 𝗟𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴 (1745–1818). Through her mother’s…

𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗮 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 at the age of 35 Photography by 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗳𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗲𝗻𝗴𝗹, 1854 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁-𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻-𝗛𝗮𝘂𝘀 𝗭𝘄𝗶𝗰𝗸𝗮𝘂 This photograph shows 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗮 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 in 1854, at the age of 35, during one of the most tragic and decisive…