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𝐕𝐚́𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐯 𝐓𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐡: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐚𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐆𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐀 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐈𝐭𝐬 𝐎𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐕𝐨𝐢𝐜𝐞 There are conductors who inherit great orchestras, and there are conductors who create them in the deepest sense. 𝐕𝐚́𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐯 𝐓𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐡 belonged to the…

𝐄𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐊𝐥𝐞𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐫: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐀𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐜𝐫𝐚𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐞 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐀𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐭 𝐓𝐲𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐲 There are conductors whose greatness lies in sheer musical command, and there are conductors whose greatness also acquires a moral dimension because of the…

𝐉𝐚𝐬𝐜𝐡𝐚 𝐇𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐌𝐚𝐡𝐥𝐞𝐫: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐬, 𝐎𝐧𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝐎𝐧𝐞 Jascha Horenstein is one of the indispensable Mahler conductors, but his Mahler legacy is not a neat studio cycle. It is a constellation of major…

𝐎𝐭𝐭𝐨 𝐊𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐧 𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐬, 𝐎𝐧𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝐎𝐧𝐞 Otto Klemperer’s Beethoven belongs among the most imposing achievements in the discography of the twentieth century. His Philharmonia recordings, mainly made between 1955 and…

𝐌𝐚𝐡𝐥𝐞𝐫 – 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝟏 𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟎 – 𝐁𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐇𝐚𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐤 – 𝐋𝐏 𝐎𝐑𝐈𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐀𝐋 https://www.patreon.com/posts/mahler-1-to-10-137376934?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link 𝐁𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐇𝐚𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐤 𝐢𝐧 𝐌𝐚𝐡𝐥𝐞𝐫: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐬, 𝐎𝐧𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝐎𝐧𝐞 Bernard Haitink’s Mahler is one of the central recorded monuments in the…

𝐋𝐞𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐁𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐬, 𝐕𝐢𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐨, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐨𝐬, 𝐎𝐧𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝐎𝐧𝐞 Complete Audio in Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/collection/2064329 Leonard Bernstein’s Beethoven discography is both rich and uneven. In the symphonies, the essential comparison…

𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐂̧𝐎𝐈𝐒 𝐂𝐎𝐔𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐍 (𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟖–𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟑): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 François Couperin (1668–1733), later called “le Grand,” was born in Paris on 10 November 1668 and died there on 11 September 1733.…

𝐀𝐍𝐉𝐀 𝐒𝐈𝐋𝐉𝐀 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐏𝐇 𝐕𝐎𝐍 𝐃𝐎𝐇𝐍𝐀𝐍𝐘𝐈: 𝐀 𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐒𝐎𝐍𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐈𝐂 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐍𝐄𝐑𝐒𝐇𝐈𝐏 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐁𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠: 𝐅𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐜𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬 Anja Silja and Christoph von Dohnányi came together in the world of postwar German opera,…

𝐄𝐃𝐕𝐀𝐑𝐃 𝐆𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐆 (𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟑–𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟕): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Edvard Grieg (1843–1907) is often remembered as one of the most lyrical, intimate, and beloved composers of the nineteenth century: the musical…

𝐖𝐎𝐋𝐅𝐆𝐀𝐍𝐆 𝐖𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐆𝐀𝐒𝐒𝐄𝐍 (𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟒–𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟒) - 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐈𝐆𝐍 𝐕𝐎𝐈𝐂𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐁𝐀𝐘𝐑𝐄𝐔𝐓𝐇 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐖𝐀𝐆𝐍𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐓𝐄𝐍𝐎𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐃𝐎𝐌𝐈𝐍𝐀𝐓𝐄𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐆𝐎𝐋𝐃𝐄𝐍 𝐀𝐆𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐓𝐖𝐀𝐑 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐀 𝐀 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 — 𝐀𝐍𝐍𝐄𝐌𝐀𝐒𝐒𝐄, 𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟒 𝐖𝐨𝐥𝐟𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐠 𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐠𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐧 (𝟐𝟔 𝐉𝐮𝐧𝐞 𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟒 – 𝟖…

# **𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - Chapter 8 — Inertia** **1) Back in Salzburg: Success Without Direction** When **Leopold and Wolfgang returned from Italy in March 1773**, they brought back prestige but **no new…

𝐄𝐑𝐍𝐒𝐓 𝐕𝐎𝐍 𝐒𝐂𝐇𝐔𝐂𝐇 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐈𝐋𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐒𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐈𝐆𝐍 𝐎𝐅 𝐃𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐃𝐄𝐍: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐆𝐀𝐕𝐄 𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐔𝐒𝐒 𝐀 𝐊𝐈𝐍𝐆𝐃𝐎𝐌 𝐈. 𝐁𝐎𝐇𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐁𝐄𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐆𝐒 — 𝐀 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐁𝐎𝐑𝐍 𝐁𝐄𝐓𝐖𝐄𝐄𝐍 𝐖𝐎𝐑𝐋𝐃𝐒 (1846–1860s) 𝐄𝐫𝐧𝐬𝐭 𝐯𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐮𝐜𝐡 was born on 23 November…

𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐔𝐑 𝐍𝐈𝐊𝐈𝐒𝐂𝐇 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐀𝐆𝐍𝐄𝐓𝐈𝐂 𝐘𝐎𝐔𝐍𝐆 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎: 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐀 𝐇𝐔𝐍𝐆𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐕𝐈𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐈𝐒𝐓 𝐓𝐎 𝐄𝐔𝐑𝐎𝐏𝐄’𝐒 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑 (1855–1895) 𝐈. 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇, 𝐁𝐎𝐑𝐃𝐄𝐑𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐃𝐒, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐈𝐑𝐒𝐓 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐈𝐃𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐓𝐘 (1855–1873) 𝐀𝐫𝐭𝐮𝐫 𝐍𝐢𝐤𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐡 (1855–1922) was born on 12 October…

𝐌𝐀𝐔𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐄 𝐑𝐀𝐕𝐄𝐋 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐄 𝐌𝐀𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐑: 𝐁𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐑𝐎, 𝐖𝐀𝐑, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐆𝐄𝐃𝐘 𝐎𝐅 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐀𝐒𝐓 𝐘𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐒 (1905–1937) 𝐈. 𝐀𝐅𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐑𝐀𝐕𝐄𝐋 𝐀𝐅𝐅𝐀𝐈𝐑 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐄 𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐄𝐑 (1905–1914) Following the Prix de Rome…

𝑍𝑂𝐿𝑇𝐴𝑁 𝐾𝑂𝐷𝐴𝐿𝑌 — 𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝑆𝑂𝑈𝐿 𝑂𝐹 𝐻𝑈𝑁𝐺𝐴𝑅𝑌: 𝐹𝑂𝐿𝐾, 𝐹𝐼𝑅𝐸 𝐴𝑁𝐷 𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝐸𝐷𝑈𝐶𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑅𝐸𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝐈. 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐈𝐍 𝐀 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐑𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐖𝐀𝐘 𝐖𝐎𝐑𝐋𝐃 (1882–1900) 𝐙𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐊𝐨𝐝𝐚𝐥𝐲 (1882–1967) was born on 16 December 1882 in Kecskemét, Hungary, into…

𝐀𝐍𝐓𝐀𝐋 𝐃𝐎𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐈𝐑𝐎𝐍 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐀𝐓 𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐈𝐓𝐘: 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐁𝐀𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐓 𝐅𝐈𝐑𝐄 𝐓𝐎 𝐒𝐘𝐌𝐏𝐇𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐂 𝐈𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐑𝐓𝐀𝐋𝐈𝐓𝐘 (𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟎𝐬–𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟎𝐬) 𝐈. 𝐖𝐀𝐑, 𝐄𝐗𝐈𝐋𝐄 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀𝐌𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐍 𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐄 (𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟎–𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟓) By the early 1940s, 𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐃𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢 (1906–1988) had already forged…

𝐊𝐀𝐑𝐋 𝐁𝐎𝐇𝐌 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐇𝐄𝐑𝐁𝐄𝐑𝐓 𝐯𝐨𝐧 𝐊𝐀𝐑𝐀𝐉𝐀𝐍 — 𝐓𝐖𝐎 𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐍𝐄𝐒𝐄 𝐌𝐀𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐑𝐒 𝐅𝐀𝐂𝐄 𝐓𝐎 𝐅𝐀𝐂𝐄: 𝐂𝐋𝐀𝐒𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐈𝐒𝐌 𝐕𝐒. 𝐒𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐂 𝐆𝐋𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐈. 𝐇𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐏𝐎𝐈𝐍𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐀𝐂𝐓 𝐊𝐚𝐫𝐥 𝐀𝐮𝐠𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝐋𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐁𝐨𝐡𝐦 (1894–1981) and 𝐇𝐞𝐫𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐭 𝐯𝐨𝐧 𝐊𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐣𝐚𝐧 (1908–1989) stood as…

𝐍𝐄𝐄𝐌𝐄 𝐉𝐀̈𝐑𝐕𝐈: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐔𝐍𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐏𝐏𝐀𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐀𝐘 𝐎𝐅 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄, 𝐄𝐗𝐈𝐋𝐄, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀 𝐋𝐄𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐑𝐘 𝐑𝐄𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐃𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐂𝐀𝐑𝐄𝐄𝐑 (𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟕– ) 𝐈. 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐈𝐍 𝐀 𝐓𝐔𝐌𝐔𝐋𝐓𝐔𝐎𝐔𝐒 𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐀 (𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟕–𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟔) 𝐍𝐞𝐞𝐦𝐞 𝐉𝐚̈𝐫𝐯𝐢 was born on 𝐁𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐝𝐞: 𝟕…

𝐎𝐭𝐭𝐨 𝐊𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟔 — 𝐀 𝐘𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐱𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝟏. 𝐇𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐱𝐭: 𝐅𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐄𝐦𝐢𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 By 1936, 𝐎𝐭𝐭𝐨 𝐊𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐫 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟓–𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟑) was living through one of the most difficult phases…

𝗦𝗜𝗥 𝗛𝗘𝗡𝗥𝗬 𝗪𝗢𝗢𝗗 (1869–1944) — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗧𝗘𝗖𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗢𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗡 𝗕𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗦𝗛 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 (1869–1894) Sir Henry Joseph Wood was born in London on 3 March 1869, into a musically inclined family.…

𝗩𝗟𝗔𝗗𝗜𝗠𝗜𝗥 𝗔𝗦𝗛𝗞𝗘𝗡𝗔𝗭𝗬 (b. 1937) — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗠𝗢𝗦𝗖𝗢𝗪 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗗𝗜𝗚𝗬 The early life of 𝗩𝗹𝗮𝗱𝗶𝗺𝗶𝗿 𝗗𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗱𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗔𝘀𝗵𝗸𝗲𝗻𝗮𝘇𝘆, born on 6 July 1937 in Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod), unfolds as one of the most…

𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗛𝗔𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗞 — 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗩𝗜𝗢𝗟𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗧𝗢 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗔𝗡𝗧 𝗠𝗔𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗢 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗦 𝗜𝗡 𝗔𝗠𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗗𝗔𝗠 (1929–1945) 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗛𝗮𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗸 (1929–2021) was born in Amsterdam on March 4, 1929, into a culturally engaged but not overtly musical…

## **The Final Year of Gioachino Rossini: Serenity, Memory, and the Last Curtain (1867–1868)** The last year of **Gioachino Rossini’s** life unfolded not in the theatrical blaze that had once defined his fame, but…

𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻 𝗶𝗻 1803: 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘆𝗲𝗮𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 “𝗻𝗲𝘄 𝗽𝗮𝘁𝗵” 𝗯𝗲𝗰𝗮𝗺𝗲 𝗮𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗯𝗹𝗲 In 1803, Ludwig van Beethoven stood at a decisive threshold. The private catastrophe of his hearing loss—formally confronted in the 𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗲𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗱𝘁 𝗧𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 (October 1802)—did…