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𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗥 𝗣𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗠𝗢𝗡𝗜𝗞𝗘𝗥 𝗜𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗦𝗧 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗 𝗪𝗔𝗥 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰, 𝗽𝗮𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗼𝘁𝗶𝘀𝗺, 𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗰𝘂𝗹𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗮𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗮 𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗔𝗿𝘁𝗵𝘂𝗿 𝗡𝗶𝗸𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟵𝟭𝟰–𝟭𝟵𝟭𝟴 𝗪𝗵𝗲𝗻 𝘄𝗮𝗿 𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗵𝗮𝗹𝗹 When the First World War broke out in the summer…

𝗜𝘀𝗮𝗮𝗰 𝗦𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻 𝗢𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗻𝘀, 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗧𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿𝘀, 𝗔𝗻𝗱 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗥𝗶𝘀𝗲 𝗧𝗼 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗲𝗰𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗔𝘀 𝗔 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁 𝗜𝘀𝗮𝗮𝗰 𝗦𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻 — born on 𝗝𝘂𝗹𝘆 𝟮𝟭, 𝟭𝟵𝟮𝟬, in 𝗞𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝗲𝘁𝘀, then in Poland and today in Ukraine, and died on 𝗦𝗲𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿…

𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗼𝗱𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗼𝗺𝗮𝘀 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗔 𝗦𝘂𝗺𝗺𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗢𝗳 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲, 𝗖𝗮𝗿𝗲𝗲𝗿, 𝗔𝗻𝗱 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗳𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗼𝗱𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗼𝗺𝗮𝘀 — born 𝗢𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟭, 𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟱, in 𝗘𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘀, East Frisia, and died 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟰, 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟱, in 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗴𝗼 — was one of…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 𝗖. 𝗙. 𝗔𝗯𝗱𝘆 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗺𝘀 — 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜𝗜𝗜 𝗠𝘂̈𝗵𝗹𝗵𝗮𝘂𝘀𝗲𝗻 𝗔𝗻𝗱 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗿: 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗢𝗿𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁 𝗧𝗼 𝗠𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗢𝗳 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗢𝗿𝗴𝗮𝗻 𝗜. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗲𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗢𝗳 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜𝗜𝗜 Chapter III of C. F. Abdy Williams’s…

𝗔𝗟𝗠𝗔 𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗜𝗔 𝗥𝗢𝗦𝗘́ 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟲–𝟭𝟵𝟰𝟰 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗜𝗢𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗜𝗦𝗧 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗖𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗗 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗔 𝗜𝗡𝗧𝗢 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗢𝗪 𝗢𝗙 𝗔𝗨𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗭 𝗔𝗹𝗺𝗮 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝗥𝗼𝘀𝗲́ was born in 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗼𝗻 𝟯 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟲 and died in 𝗔𝘂𝘀𝗰𝗵𝘄𝗶𝘁𝘇-𝗕𝗶𝗿𝗸𝗲𝗻𝗮𝘂 𝗼𝗻 𝟰 𝗼𝗿 𝟱 𝗔𝗽𝗿𝗶𝗹…

𝗔𝗟𝗕𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗚: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗬𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗛𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗢𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗡𝗜𝗦𝗠 Among the great composers of the early twentieth century, 𝗔𝗹𝗯𝗮𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗴 occupies a singular and fascinating place. He was one of the central figures of the 𝗦𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗱…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟴 𝗗𝗲𝘁𝗺𝗼𝗹𝗱, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗣𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗼 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗼, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗗 𝗠𝗮𝗷𝗼𝗿 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗮𝗱𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗠𝗮𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗚𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗳, 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗱𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟲–𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟴 Chapter 8…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟳 𝗙𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗮𝗹𝘀, 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗱𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽𝘀, 𝗦𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗲 𝗦𝘁𝘂𝗱𝘆, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗗𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟱–𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟲 Chapter 7 belongs to one of the most serious and…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟲 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗡𝗲𝘄 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗮𝘁𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗕𝘂𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗟𝗼𝘆𝗮𝗹𝘁𝘆 𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟰–𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟱 Chapter 6 is one of the most emotionally…

𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗧𝗢𝗟𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗨𝗟𝗔𝗥𝗜 𝗔 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗢𝗡𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗣𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗜𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗕𝗔𝗟𝗟𝗘𝗧, 𝗥𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗣𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗢𝗡, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗢𝗥𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗟 𝗖𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗨𝗥 𝗔𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗹𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗶 was born in 𝗞𝗶𝗲𝘃 on 𝟮𝟬 𝗔𝘂𝗴𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟳 and died in 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗻 on 𝟮𝟭 𝗔𝘂𝗴𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟵𝟵𝟱, one…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟱 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻’𝘀 “𝗡𝗲𝘄 𝗣𝗮𝘁𝗵𝘀,” 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗣𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀’𝘀 𝗣𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰 𝗡𝗮𝗺𝗲 𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟯 Chapter 5 is the chapter in which…

𝗪𝗵𝗲𝗻 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀 𝗠𝗲𝘁 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗶𝘀𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗘𝗻𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗧𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗱 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝗼𝗾𝘂𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗗𝗮𝘆 The history of classical music does not advance only through works, styles, schools, or institutions. It…

𝗗𝗔𝗥𝗞𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗦, 𝗦𝗜𝗟𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗨𝗠𝗣𝗛: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗥𝗘𝗘 𝗕𝗔𝗥𝗢𝗤𝗨𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗦 𝗝𝗲𝗮𝗻-𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗲 𝗟𝗲𝗰𝗹𝗮𝗶𝗿, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻ç𝗼𝗶𝘀 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗻, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗝𝗲𝗮𝗻-𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗽𝗽𝗲 𝗥𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗮𝘂 𝗮𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗲𝗱𝗴𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗱𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵 𝗜. 𝗧𝗵𝗿𝗲𝗲 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝗼𝗾𝘂𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝘃𝗲𝘀, 𝗧𝗵𝗿𝗲𝗲 𝗗𝗶𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗘𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀 The deaths of 𝗝𝗲𝗮𝗻-𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗲…

𝗡𝗶𝗸𝗼𝗹𝗮𝘂𝘀 𝗛𝗮𝗿𝗻𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗿𝘁 (𝟭𝟵𝟮𝟵–𝟮𝟬𝟭𝟲): 𝗔 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗛𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗧𝗿𝘂𝘁𝗵, 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗥𝗵𝗲𝘁𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗰, 𝗗𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗮, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝘃𝗼𝗹𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗜. 𝗔 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗧𝗮𝘂𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝗦𝗽𝗲𝗮𝗸 𝗔𝗴𝗮𝗶𝗻 𝗡𝗶𝗸𝗼𝗹𝗮𝘂𝘀 𝗛𝗮𝗿𝗻𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗿𝘁 was born on 𝟲 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟵𝟮𝟵…

𝗝𝗲𝗮𝗻 𝗦𝗶𝗯𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘂𝘀 — 𝗔𝗻𝗲𝗰𝗱𝗼𝘁𝗲𝘀, 𝗖𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗥𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗘𝗽𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗱𝗲𝘀 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 Jean Sibelius was one of those composers whose life seems divided between two almost opposite worlds: on one side, the public figure, the…

𝗚𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘃 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 — 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲: 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟮 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗕𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀 𝗜. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗼 𝗦𝗲𝗻𝗱 𝗚𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘃 𝘁𝗼 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮 In the minds of Gustav Mahler’s parents, there was…

𝗔𝗠𝗕𝗥𝗢𝗜𝗦𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗦 𝗔𝗻𝗲𝗰𝗱𝗼𝘁𝗲𝘀, 𝗖𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗵 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗦𝘂𝗿𝘃𝗶𝘃𝗼𝗿 𝗔𝗺𝗯𝗿𝗼𝗶𝘀𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗼𝗺𝗮𝘀 was one of the central figures of nineteenth-century French opera, although his reputation today rests above all on two works:…

𝗧𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗜𝗞𝗢𝗩𝗦𝗞𝗬 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗗𝗩𝗢ŘÁ𝗞 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗦𝗹𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗰 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀𝗲𝘀, 𝗢𝗻𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗮𝗴𝘂𝗲 𝗘𝗻𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗮 𝗕𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗳 𝗕𝘂𝘁 𝗪𝗮𝗿𝗺 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗱𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽 The relationship between 𝗣𝘆𝗼𝘁𝗿 𝗜𝗹𝘆𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗧𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗸𝗼𝘃𝘀𝗸𝘆 and 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻í𝗻 𝗗𝘃𝗼řá𝗸 was not as long, intimate, or structurally decisive as the…

𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗗𝗩𝗢ŘÁ𝗞 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗗𝗼𝗼𝗿 — 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗪𝗮𝗹𝗸𝗲𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗴𝗵 𝗜𝘁 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗰𝘁: 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, 𝟭𝟴𝟳𝟱–𝟭𝟴𝟳𝟳 The relationship between 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝘀 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀 and 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻í𝗻 𝗗𝘃𝗼řá𝗸 began not with a…

# **𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - **𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟮𝟰 — 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗧𝗿𝘂𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗠𝗼𝘇𝗮𝗿𝘁’𝘀 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗶𝗻 𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟵 In July 1789, Mozart wrote one of the most anguished letters of his adult life to…

𝐒𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐌𝐢𝐥𝐧𝐞𝐬: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐕𝐞𝐫𝐝𝐢 𝐁𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫, 𝐍𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐝 There are baritones whose greatness lies in vocal beauty alone, and others whose greatness comes from something broader and…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗞 𝗢𝗙 𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟰 — 𝗢𝗣𝗣𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗘𝗦 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗯𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗳𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗱𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽, 𝗻𝗲𝘄 𝗵𝗼𝗽𝗲𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗳𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝘄𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗵𝗼𝗿𝗶𝘇𝗼𝗻𝘀 (𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟳–𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟵) With this fourth chapter, Schubert’s life begins to open outward in…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗛𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗟𝗨𝗗𝗪𝗜𝗚 𝗩𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 (𝗜𝗜) “𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗕𝗼𝗻𝗻” (𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟰–𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟴) 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟴: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝘄𝗮𝗸𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗼𝗳 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗱 By 𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟰, Ludwig was four years old and already known among neighbors for his…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗛𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗟𝗨𝗗𝗪𝗜𝗚 𝗩𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 (𝗜) “𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗕𝗼𝗻𝗻” (𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟬–𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟯) 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟭: 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗱𝗼𝘄 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗶𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 Ludwig van Beethoven was born on the night of 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟲, 𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟬, in…