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𝗣𝘂𝗰𝗰𝗶𝗻𝗶 – 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘀 – 𝗔𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗼 𝗥𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗣𝗮𝘁𝗿𝗲𝗼𝗻: https://www.patreon.com/collection/2088542 𝗟𝗲 𝗩𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗶 – 1884 (premiered 31 May 1884, Milan) 𝗘𝗱𝗴𝗮𝗿 – 1889 (premiered 21 April 1889, La Scala, Milan) 𝗠𝗮𝗻𝗼𝗻 𝗟𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗮𝘂𝘁 – 1893 (premiered 1…

𝗔𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗼 𝗧𝗼𝘀𝗰𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗶 (𝟮𝟱 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟳 – 𝟭𝟲 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟵𝟱𝟳) 𝗖𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗼 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝗚𝗶𝘂𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗶 (𝟵 𝗠𝗮𝘆 𝟭𝟵𝟭𝟰 – 𝟭𝟰 𝗝𝘂𝗻𝗲 𝟮𝟬𝟬𝟱)

𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗼 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗶: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗱 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗼 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗶 (1567–1643) was one of the most decisive figures in the history of Western music, standing at the threshold between the Renaissance and the Baroque.…

𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗜𝗴𝗻𝗮𝘇 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗕𝗶𝗯𝗲𝗿: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻 𝗩𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗦𝗮𝗹𝘇𝗯𝘂𝗿𝗴 𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗜𝗴𝗻𝗮𝘇 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗕𝗶𝗯𝗲𝗿 (1644–1704) was one of the most imaginative and influential composers of the Baroque era, and 𝗮𝗯𝗼𝘃𝗲 𝗮𝗹𝗹 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁…

𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗻 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗶𝘀: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗣𝗼𝗲𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗮 𝗱𝗮 𝗚𝗮𝗺𝗯𝗮 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗻 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗶𝘀 (1656–1728) was a French Baroque composer and a supreme virtuoso of the viola da gamba, 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗱𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗶𝘀𝗵𝗲𝗱 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻𝘀 𝗼𝗳…

𝐄𝐫𝐢𝐤 𝐒𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐞: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐞𝐭 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐈𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐲, 𝐒𝐢𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐧 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜 There are composers whose greatness lies in large monuments, and there are others whose influence works more strangely, more quietly,…

𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗦 𝗞𝗡𝗔𝗣𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗧𝗦𝗕𝗨𝗦𝗖𝗛 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗨𝗖𝗞𝗡𝗘𝗥 𝗔 𝗦𝘂𝗺𝗺𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗧𝗼𝗻𝘆 𝗗𝘂𝗴𝗴𝗮𝗻’𝘀 𝗔𝘀𝘀𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 https://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2001/oct01/knappertsbusch.htm Tony Duggan presents this 6-CD set as a highly valuable historical document rather than a first-choice modern recommendation. Its importance lies above all…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗖𝗘𝗟𝗘𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗗 𝗤𝗨𝗢𝗧𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦 The most reliable ones are devotional inscriptions, annotations, or statements preserved through later documentary tradition; many of the best-known Bach aphorisms are modern circulation pieces and should be…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 — 𝗖𝗘𝗟𝗘𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗗 𝗤𝗨𝗢𝗧𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦 𝗜. 𝗪𝗜𝗗𝗘𝗟𝗬 𝗞𝗡𝗢𝗪𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗠𝗢𝗡𝗟𝗬 𝗦𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗖𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗤𝗨𝗢𝗧𝗘𝗦 “𝗡𝗲𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗮 𝗹𝗼𝗳𝘁𝘆 𝗱𝗲𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗻𝗼𝗿 𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗻𝗼𝗿 𝗯𝗼𝘁𝗵 𝘁𝗼𝗴𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗴𝗼 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗮𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗼𝗳 𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀. 𝗟𝗼𝘃𝗲, 𝗹𝗼𝘃𝗲, 𝗹𝗼𝘃𝗲, 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗶𝘀…

𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐦 𝐊𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐟𝐟: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐨𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐌𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐮𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐭 𝐃𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐦 There are pianists who astonish by force, brilliance, and the sheer dazzle of their fingers, and there are others whose…

𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐦 𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐠: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐚𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐞 There are conductors whose legends are built on theatrical personality, and there are others whose greatness lies in something more durable: authority without noise, discipline…

𝐕𝐚́𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐯 𝐓𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐡: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐚𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐆𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐀 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐈𝐭𝐬 𝐎𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐕𝐨𝐢𝐜𝐞 There are conductors who inherit great orchestras, and there are conductors who create them in the deepest sense. 𝐕𝐚́𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐯 𝐓𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐡 belonged to the…

𝐎𝐭𝐦𝐚𝐫 𝐒𝐮𝐢𝐭𝐧𝐞𝐫: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐋𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐆𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐊𝐚𝐩𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐦𝐞𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐁𝐮𝐢𝐥𝐭 𝐀𝐫𝐭 𝐁𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐓𝐰𝐨 𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐬 There are conductors whose reputations are made by glamour, by controversy, or by a few world-famous recordings. And then there are conductors…

𝐆𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐠 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐢 𝐢𝐧 𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐬, 𝐎𝐧𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝐎𝐧𝐞 Georg Solti recorded two complete Beethoven symphony cycles, both with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for London/Decca. The first was taped between May 1972 and September…

𝐌𝐀𝐗 𝐋𝐎𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐙 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟏–𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟓) - 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐖𝐀𝐆𝐍𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐓𝐄𝐍𝐎𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐒𝐀𝐍𝐆 𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐍 𝐈𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐇𝐀𝐃𝐎𝐖 𝐎𝐅 𝐇𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐁𝐄𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐆𝐒 𝐌𝐚𝐱 𝐋𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐳 (𝟏𝟎 𝐌𝐚𝐲 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟏 – 𝟏𝟏 𝐉𝐚𝐧𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟓) was born in Düsseldorf, Germany, into…

𝐉𝐀𝐌𝐄𝐒 𝐊𝐈𝐍𝐆 (𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟓–𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟓) - 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐍𝐎𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐕𝐎𝐈𝐂𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐖𝐀𝐆𝐍𝐄𝐑 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐀𝐌𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐍 𝐓𝐄𝐍𝐎𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐐𝐔𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐃 𝐁𝐀𝐘𝐑𝐄𝐔𝐓𝐇 𝐀𝐍 𝐔𝐍𝐋𝐈𝐊𝐄𝐋𝐘 𝐁𝐄𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐆 — 𝐊𝐀𝐍𝐒𝐀𝐒, 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟓 𝐉𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐬 𝐊𝐢𝐧𝐠 (𝟐𝟒 𝐌𝐚𝐲 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟓 – 𝟐𝟎 𝐍𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟓) was born in…

𝐈𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐬𝐨𝐩𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐌𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐚 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐢 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐒𝐢𝐫 𝐆𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐠 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐢 (𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟐–𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟕) 𝐝𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚 𝐫𝐞𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐬𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐚 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐌𝐨𝐳𝐚𝐫𝐭'𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐜 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚 '𝐋𝐞 𝐍𝐨𝐳𝐳𝐞 𝐝𝐢 𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐚𝐫𝐨' ('𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐚𝐫𝐨') 𝐚𝐭 𝐂𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐆𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐧, 𝐋𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐧, 𝟏𝟗𝐭𝐡…

𝐌𝐚𝐡𝐥𝐞𝐫 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐢𝐧 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐬𝐛𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐠 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟓) On May 22, 1905, at the Alsatian Music Festival in Strasbourg, Mahler conducted Beethoven’s Symphony No. 9

𝐁𝐫𝐮𝐧𝐨 𝐖𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐞𝐫 (𝟏𝟓 𝐒𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟔 – 𝟏𝟕 𝐅𝐞𝐛𝐫𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟐) 𝐇𝐚𝐧𝐬 𝐏𝐟𝐢𝐭𝐳𝐧𝐞𝐫 (𝟓 𝐌𝐚𝐲 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟗 – 𝟐𝟐 𝐌𝐚𝐲 𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟗)

𝐆𝐀𝐁𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐋 𝐅𝐀𝐔𝐑𝐄 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐐𝐔𝐈𝐄𝐓 𝐑𝐄𝐕𝐎𝐋𝐔𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍: 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐔𝐑𝐂𝐇 𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐈𝐑𝐁𝐎𝐘 𝐓𝐎 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐍𝐄𝐖 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐇 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐕𝐎𝐈𝐂𝐄 (1845–1890) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐅𝐀𝐑 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐒 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐄𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐆𝐒 (1845–1854) 𝐆𝐚𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐥 𝐅𝐚𝐮𝐫𝐞 (1845–1924) was…

𝐒𝐀𝐌𝐔𝐈𝐋 𝐒𝐀𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐔𝐃 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐈𝐄𝐑𝐘 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 𝐎𝐅 𝐒𝐎𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐓 𝐏𝐑𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐒: 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐎𝐃𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐀 𝐓𝐎 𝐒𝐇𝐎𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐊𝐎𝐕𝐈𝐂𝐇’𝐒 𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐔𝐌𝐏𝐇 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟒–𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟒) 𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 𝐈𝐍 𝐎𝐃𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐀 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟒–𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟑) 𝐒𝐚𝐦𝐮𝐢𝐥 𝐀𝐛𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐒𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐬𝐮𝐝 (1884–1964) was born on 14 May 1884 in Odessa, then part…

𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐇 𝐖𝐎𝐋𝐅𝐆𝐀𝐍𝐆 𝐊𝐎𝐑𝐍𝐆𝐎𝐋𝐃: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐆𝐘 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐐𝐔𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐃 𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐍𝐀 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐑𝐄𝐈𝐍𝐕𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐃 𝐇𝐎𝐋𝐋𝐘𝐖𝐎𝐎𝐃 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐍𝐀𝐑𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐕𝐄 (𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟕–𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟕) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐍𝐄𝐒𝐄 𝐌𝐈𝐑𝐀𝐂𝐋𝐄 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 (𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟕–𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟖) 𝐄𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐖𝐨𝐥𝐟𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐠 𝐊𝐨𝐫𝐧𝐠𝐨𝐥𝐝 was born on 𝐁𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐝𝐞: 𝟐𝟗 𝐌𝐚𝐲 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟕…

𝗝𝗔𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗔 𝗛𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗜𝗡 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗦𝗖𝗘𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗠𝗔𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗢: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗚𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗣𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗜𝗖 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗖𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗘𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲: 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗞𝗶𝗲𝘃 𝘁𝗼 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮 The artistic personality of 𝗝𝗮𝘀𝗰𝗵𝗮 𝗛𝗼𝗿𝗲𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗶𝗻 (1898–1973) was formed far from the glare of the international…

𝗢𝗧𝗧𝗢 𝗞𝗟𝗘𝗠𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗥 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗚𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗧𝗜𝗧𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗖 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 The early career of 𝗢𝘁𝘁𝗼 𝗞𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗿 (1885–1973) reveals the slow and disciplined formation of one of the most formidable conductors of the twentieth century. Unlike…