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𝗝𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗣𝗛 𝗞𝗘𝗜𝗟𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝟭𝟱 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘁𝗲𝗹𝘆 𝗥𝗲𝘃𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗱, 𝗖𝗼𝗿𝗿𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗩𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗳𝗶𝗲𝗱 𝗘𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗞𝗲𝗶𝗹𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗵 was one of the most accomplished representatives of the Central European Kapellmeister tradition. His conducting was generally direct, structurally…

𝗕𝗘𝗬𝗢𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗘𝗟𝗢𝗗𝗜𝗘𝗦: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗦𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗘𝗗 𝗥𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗢𝗙𝗙’𝗦 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗 The music of 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗲𝗶 𝗥𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗼𝗳𝗳 is instantly recognizable: long-breathed melodies, darkly glowing harmonies, immense climaxes, tolling bells, dense piano textures and an almost…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗢𝗭 𝗔𝗦 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗕𝗬 𝗛𝗜𝗠𝗦𝗘𝗟𝗙 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟵 𝗛𝗮𝗿𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘁 𝗦𝗺𝗶𝘁𝗵𝘀𝗼𝗻: 𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗸𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗟𝗼𝘃𝗲 𝗔𝗻 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗶𝘀𝗵 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗾𝘂𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀 — 𝗔𝘂𝘁𝘂𝗺𝗻 𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟳 By the time the English actors arrived in Paris, 𝗛𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗢𝗭 𝗔𝗦 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗕𝗬 𝗛𝗜𝗠𝗦𝗘𝗟𝗙 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟴 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝗻 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗗𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗺 𝗕𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗱, 𝗗𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗱 𝗙𝗿𝘂𝗶𝘁, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝘂𝗻𝘀𝗲𝘁 𝗢𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗲 — 𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟱–𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟲 When 𝗛𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗼𝘇 returned…

𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗕𝘆 𝗝𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜𝗩 — 𝗔𝘁 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗲, 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗿, 𝗕𝘂𝗱𝗮𝗽𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟵 — 𝗕𝘂𝗱𝗮𝗽𝗲𝘀𝘁: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗡𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗯𝗼𝗹 For 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁, 𝗕𝘂𝗱𝗮𝗽𝗲𝘀𝘁 was not merely one of the three cities of his late…

𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗕𝘆 𝗝𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜𝗩 — 𝗔𝘁 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗲, 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗿, 𝗕𝘂𝗱𝗮𝗽𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟴 — 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗿: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗧𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗼𝗹 After 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗲, with its cloisters, sacred manuscripts, Catholic ceremonies, and inward religious light,…

𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗕𝘆 𝗝𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟲 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜𝗜𝗜 — 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕-𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗼𝗿 𝗦𝗼𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗢𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗣𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗼 𝗣𝗶𝗲𝗰𝗲𝘀 𝟯.𝟭. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕-𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗼𝗿 𝗦𝗼𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗮𝘀 𝗮 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝘂𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 In this chapter, 𝗝𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗸𝗲𝗿 approaches 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁’𝘀 𝗕-𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗼𝗿 𝗦𝗼𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗮…

𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗕𝘆 𝗝𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜𝗜 — 𝗔𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝘁𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗔𝗿𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟱 — 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝗿𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁 𝗮𝘀 𝗔𝗿𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗰𝗿𝗮𝘁, 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀𝘁, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗔𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 Few artists of the nineteenth century understood the public meaning…

𝗠𝗔𝗛𝗟𝗘𝗥 𝗝𝗢𝗦𝗘 𝗟𝗨𝗜𝗦 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗭 𝗗𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗘𝗔𝗚𝗔 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟴 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗱𝘀, 𝗗𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗿𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗟𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀𝗲𝘀 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗲𝘀𝗲 𝗖𝗶𝗿𝗰𝗹𝗲 The young 𝗚𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘃 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 did not form his artistic identity in solitude. Vienna gave…

𝗠𝗔𝗛𝗟𝗘𝗥 𝗝𝗢𝗦𝗘 𝗟𝗨𝗜𝗦 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗭 𝗗𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗘𝗔𝗚𝗔 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟳 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗲𝗿’𝘀 𝗖𝘆𝗺𝗯𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗿𝗮𝘀𝗵 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗥𝗲𝘃𝗼𝗹𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 When 𝗚𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘃 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 arrived in Vienna, he entered not only a great musical capital but also a city divided…

𝗝𝗔𝗠𝗘𝗦 𝗟𝗘𝗩𝗜𝗡𝗘 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝟭𝟱 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦 James Levine left one of the largest and most varied recorded legacies of any American conductor. His discography encompasses Mozart, Verdi, Wagner, Puccini, Berlioz, Mahler, Brahms, Schumann,…

𝗛𝗘𝗥𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗥𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗡 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝟭𝟱 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦 Hermann Scherchen was one of the most radical, intellectually adventurous and unpredictable conductors of the twentieth century. He cannot be classified simply as a specialist in modern…

𝗡𝗜𝗞𝗢𝗟𝗔𝗜 𝗥𝗜𝗠𝗦𝗞𝗬-𝗞𝗢𝗥𝗦𝗔𝗞𝗢𝗩’𝗦 𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗥𝗨𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗣𝗜𝗘𝗖𝗘𝗦 Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov is frequently described as a supreme orchestrator, as though colour were the principal—or even the only—reason for his enduring importance. The description is accurate but incomplete. His…

𝗞𝗨𝗥𝗧 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗨𝗥 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝟭𝟱 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦 Kurt Masur was sometimes characterised as a sober, traditional conductor: dependable, serious, architecturally disciplined and resistant to interpretative eccentricity. Such descriptions are not entirely wrong, but they…

𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗟𝗜𝗦𝗭𝗧’𝗦 𝗙𝗜𝗙𝗧𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗥𝗨𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗣𝗜𝗘𝗖𝗘𝗦 Franz Liszt’s reputation has often been distorted by two opposing myths. To some listeners, he remains primarily the supreme nineteenth-century virtuoso: the dazzling showman who transformed the piano into…

𝗠𝗔𝗛𝗟𝗘𝗥 𝗝𝗢𝗦𝗘 𝗟𝗨𝗜𝗦 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗭 𝗗𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗘𝗔𝗚𝗔 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟯 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱𝗵𝗼𝗼𝗱 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗦𝗼𝗻𝗴 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗜𝗿𝗿𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗹𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱𝘀 The childhood of 𝗚𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘃 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 unfolded inside a household divided between two profoundly different personalities. His father, 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗢𝗭 𝗔𝗦 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗕𝗬 𝗛𝗜𝗠𝗦𝗘𝗟𝗙 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟰 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗥𝗼𝗼𝗺 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮 𝗔 𝗙𝗮𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿’𝘀 𝗣𝗹𝗮𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗮 𝗦𝗼𝗻’𝘀 𝗗𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗱 — 𝗖𝗶𝗿𝗰𝗮 𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟬–𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟭 As adolescence drew to its end,…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗢𝗭 𝗔𝗦 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗕𝗬 𝗛𝗜𝗠𝗦𝗘𝗟𝗙 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟯 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗦𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗹𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗼𝗹𝗲𝘁 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗗𝗿𝗮𝘄𝗲𝗿 — 𝗖𝗶𝗿𝗰𝗮 𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟱–𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟲 In the memory of 𝗛𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗼𝘇, love and music seemed…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗢𝗭 𝗔𝗦 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗕𝗬 𝗛𝗜𝗠𝗦𝗘𝗟𝗙 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟭. 𝗕𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝗹𝗽𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗣𝗲𝗮𝗸𝘀: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱𝗵𝗼𝗼𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗖𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗼𝘇 𝗔 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗪𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘂𝘁 𝗢𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘀 Hector Berlioz began the story of his life with the…

𝗠𝗔𝗛𝗟𝗘𝗥 𝗝𝗢𝗦𝗘 𝗟𝗨𝗜𝗦 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗭 𝗗𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗘𝗔𝗚𝗔 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟭 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗮𝗻 𝗪𝗵𝗼𝘀𝗲 𝗧𝗶𝗺𝗲 𝗪𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗱 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗲 𝗔 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗔𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 During his lifetime, 𝗚𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘃 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 inhabited one of the great paradoxes of musical history.…

𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 — 𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗞 𝗝𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗢𝗫𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗦 𝗘𝗣𝗜𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗨𝗘 — “𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗢𝗘𝗧 𝗦𝗣𝗘𝗔𝗞𝗦”: 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗛𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗 𝗔𝗦 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗧 𝗦𝗘𝗖𝗥𝗘𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 At the end of Robert Schumann’s…

𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗕𝘆 𝗝𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜𝗜 — 𝗔𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝘁𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗔𝗿𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟰 — 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁𝗼𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗮: 𝗕𝗲𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗼𝗽 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝗿 Before the modern pop idol, before the cinema star, before mass media…

𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗕𝘆 𝗝𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜𝗜 — 𝗔𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝘁𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗔𝗿𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟮 — 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗮𝗱𝗶𝗲𝘀 The legend of 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 as a musical Don Juan is one of…

𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 — 𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗞 𝗝𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗢𝗫𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗦 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟰 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦, 𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟱–𝟱𝟰 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗘 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 — 𝗡𝗢𝗧 𝗔 𝗥𝗨𝗜𝗡, 𝗕𝗨𝗧 𝗔 𝗗𝗜𝗙𝗙𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗 The music Robert Schumann composed…