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𝗔𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗼 𝗧𝗼𝘀𝗰𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗶 and the young 𝗬𝗲𝗵𝘂𝗱𝗶 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝘂𝗵𝗶𝗻 photographed on board the 𝗜̂𝗹𝗲 𝗱𝗲 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 during their transatlantic journey from 𝗔𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗮 back to 𝗘𝘂𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗲, 𝟮𝟭 𝗠𝗮𝘆 𝟭𝟵𝟯𝟮. Photo: 𝗜𝗺𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗼 / 𝗚𝗲𝘁𝘁𝘆 𝗜𝗺𝗮𝗴𝗲𝘀

𝗟𝗨𝗟𝗟𝗬’𝗦 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗟𝗢𝗨𝗜𝗦 𝗫𝗜𝗩 𝗜𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗦 𝗔 𝗻𝗮𝗿𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝘀𝘁𝘂𝗱𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗱𝗲𝘃𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗱𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲, 𝗽𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿, 𝘀𝗰𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗹, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗱𝗲𝗰𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗜. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗢𝗹𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗦𝘂𝗻 𝗞𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗙𝗮𝘃𝗼𝘂𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗲 In the last decade of…

𝗝𝗘𝗔𝗡-𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗜𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗜𝗥 𝗟’𝗔Î𝗡É — 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗳𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗵 𝘃𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻 𝘀𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗼𝗹, 𝗯𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗱𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲, 𝘃𝗶𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝘆, 𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗺𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝗜. 𝗔 𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗵 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗘𝘂𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗲𝘀 𝗝𝗲𝗮𝗻-𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗲 𝗟𝗲𝗰𝗹𝗮𝗶𝗿, usually known as 𝗝𝗲𝗮𝗻-𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗲 𝗟𝗲𝗰𝗹𝗮𝗶𝗿 𝗹’𝗮î𝗻é…

𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰-𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗽𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗲𝗿 (𝟭𝟲𝟯𝟰–𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟰): 𝗔 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰, 𝗣𝗶𝗲𝘁𝘆, 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗿𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗵 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝗼𝗾𝘂𝗲 𝗚𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝘂𝗿 𝗜. 𝗢𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗻𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗦𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗵-𝗖𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘂𝗿𝘆 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲: 𝟭𝟲𝟯𝟰–𝗰.𝟭𝟲𝟲𝟱 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰-𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗽𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗲𝗿 was born in Paris in 𝟭𝟲𝟯𝟰, into a France that was entering one…

𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻’𝘀 𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗻𝘆 𝗡𝗼. 𝟵 - 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗺 𝗙𝘂𝗿𝘁𝘄𝗮̈𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗲𝗿 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗮 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮 - 𝗟𝗶𝘃𝗲, 𝟭𝟵𝟱𝟰 https://www.patreon.com/posts/beethovens-no-9-136149176?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗺 𝗙𝘂𝗿𝘁𝘄𝗮̈𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗲𝗿 German conductor 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗺 𝗙𝘂𝗿𝘁𝘄𝗮̈𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗲𝗿 in 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗻, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆, in 𝟭𝟵𝟯𝟰. Photo by 𝗞𝗲𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗻𝗲-𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 / 𝗚𝗮𝗺𝗺𝗮-𝗥𝗮𝗽𝗵𝗼 via 𝗚𝗲𝘁𝘁𝘆 𝗜𝗺𝗮𝗴𝗲𝘀.

𝗚𝗜𝗔𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗢 𝗠𝗘𝗬𝗘𝗥𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗥 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗮𝗻 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗧𝘂𝗿𝗻𝗲𝗱 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗼 𝗮 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱 The life of 𝗚𝗶𝗮𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗼 𝗠𝗲𝘆𝗲𝗿𝗯𝗲𝗲𝗿 is full of paradoxes. He was one of the most famous opera composers of the nineteenth century, perhaps the…

𝗧𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗸𝗼𝘃𝘀𝗸𝘆 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗔𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗹𝘆 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗸𝗼𝘃 𝗣𝗵𝗼𝘁𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗽𝗵𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝘆 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗥𝗲𝘂𝘁𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝗻 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀 𝗼𝗻 𝟲/𝟭𝟴 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟴 𝗔𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗹𝘆 𝗔𝗻𝗱𝗿𝗲𝘆𝗲𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗸𝗼𝘃 — 𝗥𝘂𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗰𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶𝘀𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟮𝟱 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟴 / 𝟲 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟵, 𝗠𝗼𝘀𝗰𝗼𝘄 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟲 𝗙𝗲𝗯𝗿𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆…

𝗙𝗮𝗺𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗮𝘀𝘁 - 𝗣𝗶𝗲𝗿𝗿𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝘂𝘅 𝟭 Franck: Symphony In D Minor, Op. 48: III. Allegro Non Troppo 9:42 Debussy: Images for Orchestra, L. 122 San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, Pierre Monteux

𝗞𝗶𝗿𝗶𝗹𝗹 𝗞𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗿𝗮𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗻 - 𝗠𝗶𝗹𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗻𝗲𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗱 https://www.patreon.com/posts/kirill-of-legend-155883891?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link 𝗖𝗗 𝟭 𝗦𝗵𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗸𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗵: Symphony No. 4 in C Minor Op. 43 USSR State Symphony Orchestra, Kirill Kondrashin 𝗖𝗗 𝟮 𝗧𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗸𝗼𝘃𝘀𝗸𝘆: Piano Concerto No. 1 in…

𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝗖𝗮𝗹𝗹𝗮𝘀 (𝟭𝟵𝟮𝟯 – 𝟭𝟵𝟳𝟳) Born: December 2, 1923, in New York City, USA Died: September 16, 1977, in Paris, France Widely regarded as one of the greatest opera singers of all time, she…

𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗛 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝗔𝗧 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟬 𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗜𝗦 𝗘𝗫𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗘𝗟𝗟𝗘 𝗧𝗵𝗲 1900 Paris Exposition Universelle was far more than a world’s fair. It was a vast theatrical display of modern civilization, a place where nations exhibited…

𝗜𝗴𝗼𝗿 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗻𝘀𝗸𝘆 (𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟮–𝟭𝟵𝟳𝟭) was 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗶𝗻𝗳𝗹𝘂𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗿𝗲𝘃𝗼𝗹𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝟮𝟬𝘁𝗵 𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘂𝗿𝘆. Born in 𝗥𝘂𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗮 and later living in 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 and 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗨𝗻𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗲𝘀, he constantly reinvented 𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗮𝗴𝗲,…

𝗠𝗶𝗸𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗹 𝗚𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗸𝗮 (𝟭𝟴𝟬𝟰–𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟳) is widely regarded as 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗳𝗮𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝗥𝘂𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗰𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰. Born into 𝗮 𝗻𝗼𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗳𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗹𝘆, he received 𝗮 𝗰𝗼𝘀𝗺𝗼𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗻 𝗲𝗱𝘂𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 and absorbed 𝗪𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻 𝗘𝘂𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗲𝗮𝗻 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 during extended travels in 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆,…

𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗖𝗜𝗣𝗟𝗘𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗟𝗜𝗟𝗜 𝗕𝗢𝗨𝗟𝗔𝗡𝗚𝗘𝗥 To speak of Lili Boulanger in terms of “masters and disciples” is already to enter a poignant paradox. She lived only from 1893 to 1918, and in that…

𝗟𝗜𝗟𝗜 𝗕𝗢𝗨𝗟𝗔𝗡𝗚𝗘𝗥: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗟𝗔𝗠𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗔 𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗢𝗢 𝗕𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗙𝗟𝗬 — 𝗔 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗛 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 Among the most moving figures in the history of music, Lili Boulanger (1893–1918) stands as one of those rare…

𝐀𝐋𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐑 𝐆𝐋𝐀𝐙𝐔𝐍𝐎𝐕 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟓–𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟔): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Alexander Glazunov (1865–1936) is often remembered as the grand stabilizing figure of late Russian music: the prodigy who united nationalism with conservatory…

𝐑𝐄𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐄 𝐂𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐏𝐈𝐍 (𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟕–𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟕) 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐕𝐎𝐈𝐂𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐄 — 𝐀 𝐃𝐈𝐕𝐀 𝐁𝐄𝐓𝐖𝐄𝐄𝐍 𝐖𝐀𝐆𝐍𝐄𝐑, 𝐁𝐄𝐑𝐋𝐈𝐎𝐙 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐎𝐔𝐋 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐇 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐎𝐔𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐄 𝐑𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐂𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐢𝐧 (𝟐𝟑 𝐅𝐞𝐛𝐫𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟕 – 𝟓…

𝐖𝐎𝐋𝐅𝐆𝐀𝐍𝐆 𝐖𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐆𝐀𝐒𝐒𝐄𝐍 (𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟒–𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟒) - 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐈𝐆𝐍 𝐕𝐎𝐈𝐂𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐁𝐀𝐘𝐑𝐄𝐔𝐓𝐇 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐖𝐀𝐆𝐍𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐓𝐄𝐍𝐎𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐃𝐎𝐌𝐈𝐍𝐀𝐓𝐄𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐆𝐎𝐋𝐃𝐄𝐍 𝐀𝐆𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐓𝐖𝐀𝐑 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐀 𝐀 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 — 𝐀𝐍𝐍𝐄𝐌𝐀𝐒𝐒𝐄, 𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟒 𝐖𝐨𝐥𝐟𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐠 𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐠𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐧 (𝟐𝟔 𝐉𝐮𝐧𝐞 𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟒 – 𝟖…

# **Berlioz - Requiem - Orchestre National de France - Stuart Burrows - Leonard Bernstein ** [https://www.patreon.com/posts/berlioz-requiem-152680855?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link](https://www.patreon.com/posts/berlioz-requiem-152680855?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link)

𝐋𝐄𝐒 𝐒𝐈𝐗 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐇 𝐑𝐄𝐁𝐄𝐋𝐋𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐀𝐆𝐀𝐈𝐍𝐒𝐓 𝐖𝐀𝐆𝐍𝐄𝐑 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐈𝐌𝐏𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐒𝐌: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐈𝐅𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐎 (𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟔–𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟎) 𝐈. 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐒 𝐃𝐔𝐑𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐖𝐀𝐑 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐍𝐄𝐄𝐃 𝐅𝐎𝐑 𝐀 𝐍𝐄𝐖 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐇 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂 The story of 𝐋𝐞𝐬 𝐒𝐢𝐱…

# **Tchaikovsky - Piano Concerto No. 1, Franck - Symphonic Variations - John Ogdon ** [https://www.patreon.com/posts/tchaikovsky-no-1-152443650?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link](https://www.patreon.com/posts/tchaikovsky-no-1-152443650?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link)

# **Sviatoslav Richter - Alto Collection ** 1. **01. Johann Sebastian Bach** – *The Well-Tempered Clavier* – Sviatoslav Richter 2. **02. Ludwig van Beethoven** – *Diabelli Variations*; **Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart** – *Violin Sonata No.…

𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐄𝐒-𝐕𝐀𝐋𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐍 𝐀𝐋𝐊𝐀𝐍 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐘𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐎𝐔𝐒 𝐓𝐈𝐓𝐀𝐍 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐏𝐈𝐀𝐍𝐎: 𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐔𝐒, 𝐈𝐒𝐎𝐋𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐋𝐄𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐃 𝐈. 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐘 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐆𝐘 (1813–1826) 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐞𝐬-𝐕𝐚𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧 𝐀𝐥𝐤𝐚𝐧 (1813–1888) was born on 30 November 1813 in Paris, into a Jewish musical…

𝐂𝐄𝐒𝐀𝐑 𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐊 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐘𝐒𝐓𝐈𝐂 𝐀𝐑𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐓𝐄𝐂𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐇 𝐒𝐘𝐌𝐏𝐇𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐂 𝐑𝐎𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐈𝐒𝐌 (𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟎) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐁𝐄𝐓𝐖𝐄𝐄𝐍 𝐍𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 (𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟓) 𝐂𝐞𝐬𝐚𝐫 𝐀𝐮𝐠𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐞 𝐅𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐤 (𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟎) was born on 10 December 1822 in Liège, then part of the United…