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𝐏𝐀𝐔𝐋 𝐇𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐓𝐇 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐄𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐑𝐄𝐁𝐔𝐈𝐋𝐓 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂 𝐀𝐅𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐈𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝐓𝐇 𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐘 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐕𝐈𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐍 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐆𝐘 𝐓𝐎 𝐎𝐍𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐈𝐍𝐅𝐋𝐔𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐀𝐋 𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐄𝐑𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐌𝐎𝐃𝐄𝐑𝐍 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂 - 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐀𝐍𝐀𝐔 — 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟓…

𝐀𝐑𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐃 𝐒𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐄𝐍𝐁𝐄𝐑𝐆 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐍𝐄𝐒𝐄 𝐀𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐄𝐔𝐑 𝐓𝐎 𝐑𝐄𝐕𝐎𝐋𝐔𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐀𝐑𝐘: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐏𝐇𝐄𝐓 (𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟒–𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟗) 𝐈. 𝐁𝐎𝐑𝐍 𝐈𝐍 𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐍𝐀 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐈𝐍-𝐃𝐄-𝐒𝐈𝐄𝐂𝐋𝐄 (1874–1889) 𝐀𝐫𝐧𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐅𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐳 𝐖𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐞𝐧𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐠 (13 September 1874 –…

𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐀𝐌𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐎𝐅 𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐑𝐃 𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐔𝐒𝐒: 𝐌𝐀𝐑𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐆𝐄, 𝐇𝐎𝐌𝐄, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐎𝐍𝐋𝐘 𝐒𝐎𝐍 𝐑𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐬 is often remembered as the brilliant composer of Salome, Elektra, Der Rosenkavalier, and the great tone poems, but behind the public…

𝐂𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐒 𝐊𝐑𝐀𝐔𝐒𝐒 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐍𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐈𝐑𝐁𝐎𝐘 𝐓𝐎 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐂 𝐏𝐎𝐖𝐄𝐑: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 (𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟑–𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟗) 𝐈. 𝐁𝐎𝐑𝐍 𝐈𝐍𝐓𝐎 𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐍𝐄𝐒𝐄 𝐓𝐇𝐄𝐀𝐓𝐑𝐄 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐀 𝐖𝐎𝐑𝐋𝐃 𝐂𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐬 𝐇𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐊𝐫𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐬 was born in Vienna…

𝐆𝐀𝐁𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐋 𝐅𝐀𝐔𝐑𝐄 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐐𝐔𝐈𝐄𝐓 𝐑𝐄𝐕𝐎𝐋𝐔𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍: 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐔𝐑𝐂𝐇 𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐈𝐑𝐁𝐎𝐘 𝐓𝐎 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐍𝐄𝐖 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐇 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐕𝐎𝐈𝐂𝐄 (1845–1890) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐅𝐀𝐑 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐒 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐄𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐆𝐒 (1845–1854) 𝐆𝐚𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐥 𝐅𝐚𝐮𝐫𝐞 (1845–1924) was…

**𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - Chapter 6 — Tralaliera** **1) Italy as Campaign: Leopold’s Grand Strategy** Leopold approached the **Italian tour of 1769–1771** like a **military campaign**. Every practical detail had to serve a…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝗱 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻𝘀, 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗴𝗼𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝗚𝗹𝗼𝗿𝘆: 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗼 𝗩𝗶𝘃𝗮𝗹𝗱𝗶’𝘀 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝗻𝗲𝗰𝗱𝗼𝘁𝗲𝘀 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱𝗵𝗼𝗼𝗱 𝗶𝗻 𝗩𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗲: 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗼 𝗦𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱 (1678–1693) Antonio Vivaldi was born in Venice in 1678, in a city where…

𝐆𝐄𝐎𝐑𝐆 𝐒𝐎𝐋𝐓𝐈 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐁𝐔𝐃𝐀𝐏𝐄𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐆𝐘 𝐓𝐎 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐕𝐄 𝐘𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐒 (1912–1947) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐎𝐅 𝐁𝐔𝐃𝐀𝐏𝐄𝐒𝐓: 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐅𝐀𝐌𝐈𝐋𝐘 (1912) 𝐆𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐠 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐢 (1912–1997) was born György Stern on 21…

𝐌𝐀𝐔𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐄 𝐑𝐀𝐕𝐄𝐋 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐌𝐎𝐃𝐄𝐑𝐍 𝐌𝐀𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐑: 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐁𝐀𝐒𝐐𝐔𝐄 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐓𝐎 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐒𝐓 (1875–1905) 𝐈. 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐂𝐎𝐒𝐌𝐎𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐓𝐀𝐍 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 (1875–1889) 𝐌𝐚𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐞 𝐑𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐥 (1875–1937) was born on 7 March 1875 in Ciboure,…

𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐄𝐒-𝐕𝐀𝐋𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐍 𝐀𝐋𝐊𝐀𝐍 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐘𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐎𝐔𝐒 𝐓𝐈𝐓𝐀𝐍 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐏𝐈𝐀𝐍𝐎: 𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐔𝐒, 𝐈𝐒𝐎𝐋𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐋𝐄𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐃 𝐈. 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐘 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐆𝐘 (1813–1826) 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐞𝐬-𝐕𝐚𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧 𝐀𝐥𝐤𝐚𝐧 (1813–1888) was born on 30 November 1813 in Paris, into a Jewish musical…

𝐀𝐍𝐓𝐀𝐋 𝐃𝐎𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐁𝐔𝐃𝐀𝐏𝐄𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐆𝐘 𝐓𝐎 𝐁𝐀𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐓 𝐅𝐈𝐑𝐄𝐁𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐃: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟔–𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟎) 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐔𝐃𝐀𝐏𝐄𝐒𝐓 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐌𝐈𝐋𝐈𝐄𝐔 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟔–𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟒) 𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐃𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢 (1906–1988) was born on 9 April 1906 in Budapest,…

𝐁𝐄𝐋𝐀 𝐁𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐎𝐊 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐈𝐄𝐑𝐂𝐄 𝐘𝐎𝐔𝐍𝐆 𝐑𝐄𝐁𝐄𝐋 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐄𝐃 𝐀 𝐍𝐄𝐖 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐆𝐔𝐀𝐆𝐄 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟏–𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟓) 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐎𝐅 𝐒𝐈𝐋𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐄 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐂𝐈𝐏𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐄 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟏–𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟖) 𝐁𝐞𝐥𝐚 𝐕𝐢𝐤𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐉𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐬 𝐁𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐨𝐤 (1881–1945) was born on 25 March 1881 in Nagyszentmiklos,…

𝐂𝐄𝐒𝐀𝐑 𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐊 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐘𝐒𝐓𝐈𝐂 𝐀𝐑𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐓𝐄𝐂𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐇 𝐒𝐘𝐌𝐏𝐇𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐂 𝐑𝐎𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐈𝐒𝐌 (𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟎) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐁𝐄𝐓𝐖𝐄𝐄𝐍 𝐍𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 (𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟓) 𝐂𝐞𝐬𝐚𝐫 𝐀𝐮𝐠𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐞 𝐅𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐤 (𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟎) was born on 10 December 1822 in Liège, then part of the United…

𝐘𝐄𝐕𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐘 𝐒𝐕𝐄𝐓𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐎𝐕 — 𝐅𝐈𝐑𝐄, 𝐅𝐀𝐓𝐄 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐎𝐔𝐋 𝐎𝐅 𝐑𝐔𝐒𝐒𝐈𝐀: 𝐀𝐍𝐄𝐂𝐃𝐎𝐓𝐄𝐒 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐔𝐑𝐈𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐄𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐎𝐑𝐃𝐄𝐑 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐎𝐋𝐒𝐇𝐎𝐈 (𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟖–𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟎𝐬) 𝐘𝐞𝐯𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐲 𝐅𝐞𝐝𝐨𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐒𝐯𝐞𝐭𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐯 (𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟖–𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟐) was born on 6 September 1928 in…

𝐄𝐃𝐎𝐔𝐀𝐑𝐃 𝐋𝐀𝐋𝐎: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐓𝐀𝐑𝐘 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐄𝐑 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐇 𝐎𝐑𝐂𝐇𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐋 𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐄𝐖𝐀𝐋 — 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄, 𝐋𝐎𝐕𝐄, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀 𝐋𝐀𝐓𝐄 𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐔𝐌𝐏𝐇 (𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟑–𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟐) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐁𝐄𝐓𝐖𝐄𝐄𝐍 𝐂𝐔𝐋𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐄𝐒: 𝐋𝐈𝐋𝐋𝐄 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐅𝐀𝐌𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐑𝐎𝐎𝐓𝐒 (𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟑–𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟗) 𝐄𝐝𝐨𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐋𝐚𝐥𝐨 was born on 𝐁𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐝𝐞:…

𝐂𝐋𝐀𝐔𝐃𝐄 𝐃𝐄𝐁𝐔𝐒𝐒𝐘: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐑𝐄𝐁𝐄𝐋 𝐀𝐓 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐏𝐈𝐀𝐍𝐎 — 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐓𝐄𝐀𝐂𝐇𝐄𝐑𝐒, 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐏𝐔𝐏𝐈𝐋𝐒, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐄𝐗𝐏𝐋𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐕𝐄 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐍𝐄𝐖 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟒) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐎𝐔𝐓𝐒𝐈𝐃𝐄 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐘𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐌 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟐) 𝐂𝐥𝐚𝐮𝐝𝐞 𝐀𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐞 𝐃𝐞𝐛𝐮𝐬𝐬𝐲 was born on…

𝐂𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐎𝐒 𝐊𝐋𝐄𝐈𝐁𝐄𝐑: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐔𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐀𝐏𝐏𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐄 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐏𝐎𝐑𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐈𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐏𝐒𝐘𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐘 (𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟎–𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟒) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐈𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐇𝐀𝐃𝐎𝐖 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐆𝐈𝐀𝐍𝐓 (𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟎–𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟓) Carlos Kleiber was born Karl Ludwig Bonifacius Kleiber on 3…

## 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 — CHAPTER 2 - 𝗣𝗔𝗣𝗔: 𝗟𝗘𝗢𝗣𝗢𝗟𝗗, 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗜𝗥𝗔𝗖𝗟𝗘, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗞𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗗𝗜𝗚𝗬 𝗟𝗲𝗼𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗱’𝘀 𝗳𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗽𝗿𝗶𝗼𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆: 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘃𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻 𝗺𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗱, 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗯𝗮𝗯𝘆 In Swafford’s portrait, **the “miracle” in…

MOZART BIOGRAPHY , JAN SWAFFORD: ## 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟭 — 𝗟𝗲𝗼𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗱: 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗳𝗮𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱 𝘄𝗵𝗼 𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝘀 𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗯𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵: 𝗳𝗲𝗮𝗿, 𝗳𝗮𝗶𝘁𝗵, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘀𝘂𝗿𝘃𝗶𝘃𝗮𝗹 The chapter opens with an intimate, almost confessional…

𝗗𝗠𝗜𝗧𝗥𝗜 𝗦𝗛𝗢𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗞𝗢𝗩𝗜𝗖𝗛 — 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗣𝗘𝗧𝗥𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗗 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗗𝗜𝗚𝗬 𝗧𝗢 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗨𝗠𝗣𝗛 𝗢𝗙 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗣𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗬 𝗡𝗢. 1 (1906–1926) Shostakovich Symphony No 1 in F minor op 10 (Kirill Kondrashin, 1972) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNQPj_ICr2U 𝗕𝗜𝗥𝗧𝗛 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗘𝗡𝗩𝗜𝗥𝗢𝗡𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 (1906–1914) 𝗗𝗺𝗶𝘁𝗿𝗶 𝗗𝗺𝗶𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗵…

𝗕𝗥𝗨𝗡𝗢 𝗪𝗔𝗟𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗬𝗘𝗛𝗨𝗗𝗜 𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗨𝗛𝗜𝗡 — 𝗔 𝗠𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗗𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗗𝗜𝗚𝗬 The artistic relationship between 𝗕𝗿𝘂𝗻𝗼 𝗪𝗮𝗹𝘁𝗲𝗿 (1876–1962) and 𝗬𝗲𝗵𝘂𝗱𝗶 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝘂𝗵𝗶𝗻 (1916–1999) represents a remarkable crossing of generations: a conductor shaped by the…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗬𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗚 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗛𝗢𝗪 𝗔 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗩𝗜𝗡𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗟 𝗕𝗢𝗬 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗔𝗠𝗘 𝗔 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗖𝗘 When we imagine Johann Sebastian Bach, we often picture the mature master of Leipzig, the composer of the Passions and…

𝗦𝗜𝗥 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗥𝗕𝗜𝗥𝗢𝗟𝗟𝗜 — 𝗔𝗡𝗘𝗖𝗗𝗢𝗧𝗘𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗖𝗨𝗥𝗜𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗘𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗕𝗘𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗔𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗢 Sir John Barbirolli (1899–1970) remains one of the most deeply loved conductors of the twentieth century. Behind the recordings and concerts lies a…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗗𝗘𝗕𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗬’𝗦 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 — 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗗𝗔𝗨𝗚𝗛𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗨𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗨 The relationship between Claude Debussy (1862–1918) and his only child, Claude-Emma Debussy (1905–1919)—affectionately called “Chouchou”—was one of the most tender and emotionally transformative bonds…