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𝗔𝗹𝗲𝘅𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗦𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗮𝗯𝗶𝗻 (𝟭𝟴𝟳𝟮–𝟭𝟭𝟵𝟭𝟱) was 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘃𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗳𝗶𝗴𝘂𝗿𝗲𝘀 of 𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗰 and 𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝗺𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗻 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰. Trained at the 𝗠𝗼𝘀𝗰𝗼𝘄 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 as 𝗮 𝗽𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁 and 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿, he began his career under…

𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗲𝗶 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗸𝗼𝗳𝗶𝗲𝘃 (𝟭𝟴𝟵𝟭–𝟭𝟵𝟱𝟯) was 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗹𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗱𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘀 of the 𝟮𝟬𝘁𝗵 𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘂𝗿𝘆, known for 𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗯𝗼𝗹𝗱 𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆, 𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗽 𝘄𝗶𝘁, and 𝗹𝘆𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻. A 𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗴𝘆, he studied at the 𝗦𝘁.…

𝗗𝗺𝗶𝘁𝗿𝗶 𝗦𝗵𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗸𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗵 (𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟲–𝟭𝟵𝟳𝟱) was 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗽𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿𝗳𝘂𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘅 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝘃𝗼𝗶𝗰𝗲𝘀 of the 𝟮𝟬𝘁𝗵 𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘂𝗿𝘆. A 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗴𝘆 trained at the 𝗟𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗱 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆, he rose to 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗳𝗮𝗺𝗲 early, yet spent much of…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟮 𝗭𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗨 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗞𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 (𝟭𝟲𝟵𝟳–𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟮) If the first stage of Handel’s life was the awakening of a vocation, this second one was the period…

This image presents Karajan not simply as a conductor, but as 𝐚 𝐟𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥, 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐜𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞. The bird of prey gives the portrait a symbolic force: it suggests 𝐩𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫, 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐯𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞,…

𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗺 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗸𝗵𝗮𝘂𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟳 – 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗔𝗽𝗲𝘅 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗩𝗶𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗼𝘀𝗼 𝟭. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗬𝗲𝗮𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 By 1907, Wilhelm Backhaus (born in Leipzig in 1884) was no longer the prodigious child who…

𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗺 𝗕𝗼𝘆𝗰𝗲: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗡𝗼𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗶𝘀𝗵 𝗩𝗼𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝗼𝗾𝘂𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝘀𝗺 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗺 𝗕𝗼𝘆𝗰𝗲 (1711–1779) was one of the most important English composers of the eighteenth century and 𝗮 𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗳𝗶𝗴𝘂𝗿𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱’𝘀 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗹𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗮𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗿…

𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗼 𝗖𝗮𝘃𝗮𝗹𝗹𝗶: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗠𝗮𝗱𝗲 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮 𝗮 𝗣𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰 𝗔𝗿𝘁 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗼 𝗖𝗮𝘃𝗮𝗹𝗹𝗶 (1602–1676) was one of the most important opera composers of the early Baroque and 𝗮 𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗳𝗶𝗴𝘂𝗿𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗿𝗶𝘀𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗽𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰…

𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗻 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗶𝘀: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗣𝗼𝗲𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗮 𝗱𝗮 𝗚𝗮𝗺𝗯𝗮 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗻 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗶𝘀 (1656–1728) was a French Baroque composer and a supreme virtuoso of the viola da gamba, 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗱𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗶𝘀𝗵𝗲𝗱 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻𝘀 𝗼𝗳…

𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗸𝗼𝗳𝗶𝗲𝘃 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝘀𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗱 𝘄𝗶𝗳𝗲: 𝗠𝗶𝗿𝗮 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹𝘀𝗼𝗻 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗱 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗸𝗼𝗳𝗶𝗲𝘃’𝘀 𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗹𝗶𝗳𝗲 By the late 1930s, 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗲𝗶 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗸𝗼𝗳𝗶𝗲𝘃 was no longer the brilliant émigré modernist moving restlessly between Russia, Europe, and America.…

**𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟱 — 𝗚𝗻𝗮𝗴𝗳𝗹𝗼𝘄 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗭𝗻𝗮𝘁𝘀𝗻𝗼𝗰** **Mozart in Vienna: opera, gossip, love, independence, and the making of a new life** Mozart’s arrival in Vienna in **1781** marked the true…

𝗛𝗮𝗻𝘀 𝗞𝗻𝗮𝗽𝗽𝗲𝗿𝘁𝘀𝗯𝘂𝘀𝗰𝗵: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗡𝗼𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀, 𝗢𝗻𝗲 𝗯𝘆 𝗢𝗻𝗲 Hans Knappertsbusch is not a conductor whose legacy is best understood through neat completeness. His recorded reputation rests above all on a relatively small number…

𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗠𝘂𝗻𝗰𝗵: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗜𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗣𝗼𝗲𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗼𝗱𝗶𝘂𝗺 𝗜. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝗹𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗮𝗻𝘁 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿: 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗼 𝗕𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗻 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗠𝘂𝗻𝗰𝗵 never intended to be a conductor. He began as a violinist—gifted, gentle, and lyrical. In fact,…

𝐒𝐞𝐦𝐲𝐨𝐧 𝐁𝐲𝐜𝐡𝐤𝐨𝐯: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐚𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨 𝐎𝐟 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐄𝐱𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐌𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐝𝐲 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐠 There are conductors whose greatness lies in polish, and there are others whose art seems born from fracture, displacement, and the hard-won…

𝐂𝐡𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐧: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐋𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡 𝐏𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐑𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 There are conductors who dazzle through versatility, others through charisma, and a few whose authority seems to come from a much older source:…

𝐎𝐭𝐦𝐚𝐫 𝐒𝐮𝐢𝐭𝐧𝐞𝐫: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐋𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐆𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐊𝐚𝐩𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐦𝐞𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐁𝐮𝐢𝐥𝐭 𝐀𝐫𝐭 𝐁𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐓𝐰𝐨 𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐬 There are conductors whose reputations are made by glamour, by controversy, or by a few world-famous recordings. And then there are conductors…

𝐏𝐮𝐜𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐢 - 𝐓𝐨𝐬𝐜𝐚 [𝐄𝐌𝐈 𝟓 𝟔𝟕𝟕𝟓𝟔 𝟐] 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐚𝐬, 𝐃𝐢 𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐟𝐚𝐧𝐨, 𝐆𝐨𝐛𝐛𝐢, 𝐒𝐚𝐛𝐚𝐭𝐚, 𝐂𝐨𝐫𝐨 𝐞 𝐎𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚 𝐝𝐞𝐥 𝐓𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐨 𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐚 𝐒𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐚 𝐝𝐢 𝐌𝐢𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐨 https://www.patreon.com/posts/puccini-tosca-5-136688109?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link 𝐏𝐮𝐜𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐢’𝐬 𝐓𝐨𝐬𝐜𝐚 𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐕𝐢𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐝𝐞 𝐒𝐚𝐛𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐚𝐬: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐚𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐟…

𝐉𝐎𝐒𝐄𝐅 𝐊𝐑𝐈𝐏𝐒 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟐–𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟒): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Josef Krips (1902–1974) was born in Vienna on 8 April 1902 and died in Geneva on 13 October 1974. He studied in…

**𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐩𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝟏𝟎 — 𝐍𝐨 𝐕𝐚𝐜𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐇𝐞𝐫𝐞** **𝐒𝐚𝐥𝐳𝐛𝐮𝐫𝐠 𝐋𝐞𝐟𝐭 𝐁𝐞𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐝: 𝐀 𝐃𝐞𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐅𝐮𝐥𝐥 𝐨𝐟 𝐓𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧** When **Wolfgang Mozart** and his mother **Maria Anna Mozart** left Salzburg in **September 1777**, this…

𝐉𝐄𝐀𝐍-𝐁𝐀𝐏𝐓𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐄 𝐋𝐔𝐋𝐋𝐘 (𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟐–𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟕): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632–1687) was one of the most powerful and contradictory figures in seventeenth-century music. He was born Giovanni Battista Lulli in…

**𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - Chapter 9 — Breaking** **1) Salzburg Stagnation and the Weight of Dependence** After Munich, **Mozart returned to Salzburg still without a meaningful future**. He had no major post beyond…

𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧 - 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐲 𝐍𝐨.𝟑 “𝐄𝐫𝐨𝐢𝐜𝐚” - 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐦 𝐅𝐮𝐫𝐭𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞𝐫 - 𝐖𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐤𝐞𝐫 - 𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟒 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbHD189DAp0&t=234s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbxD-_yNIKw (Good Sound) The 1944 Vienna performance of Beethoven’s Third Symphony conducted by Wilhelm Furtwangler with the Wiener Philharmoniker is…

# **The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Music ** ***The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Music*** was published by **Cambridge University Press in 2009**, under the editorship of **Simon P. Keefe**. Cambridge’s own record identifies the…

# **The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Music ** ***The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Music*** was published by **Cambridge University Press in 2005**, under the editorship of **Tim Carter** and **John Butt**. It appeared as…