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𝗜𝗴𝗼𝗿 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗻𝘀𝗸𝘆: 𝗔 𝗦𝘂𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿, 𝗮 𝗟𝗶𝗺𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 Few figures in twentieth-century music command admiration as universal as Igor Stravinsky. As a composer, he reshaped the language of modern music several times over—first through…

𝐇𝐞𝐫𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐭 𝐯𝐨𝐧 𝐊𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐣𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐥𝐝 𝐨𝐟 𝐌𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 Herbert von Karajan’s love of the motor world was not a superficial hobby, nor merely the predictable extravagance of a wealthy celebrity. It formed part of…

𝗟𝗜𝗟𝗜 𝗕𝗢𝗨𝗟𝗔𝗡𝗚𝗘𝗥: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗟𝗔𝗠𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗔 𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗢𝗢 𝗕𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗙𝗟𝗬 — 𝗔 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗛 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 Among the most moving figures in the history of music, Lili Boulanger (1893–1918) stands as one of those rare…

𝐀𝐥𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐁𝐨𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐧: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐭-𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐖𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐞 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜 𝐀𝐬 𝐈𝐟 𝐑𝐮𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐚 𝐖𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐃𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐠 There are composers whose lives seem wholly given over to music, and there are others whose greatness becomes even more astonishing because…

𝗛𝗮𝗻𝘀 𝗞𝗻𝗮𝗽𝗽𝗲𝗿𝘁𝘀𝗯𝘂𝘀𝗰𝗵: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗡𝗼𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀, 𝗢𝗻𝗲 𝗯𝘆 𝗢𝗻𝗲 Hans Knappertsbusch is not a conductor whose legacy is best understood through neat completeness. His recorded reputation rests above all on a relatively small number…

𝐋𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐤𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐤𝐢: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐖𝐢𝐳𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐎𝐟 𝐒𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐎𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐬 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐋𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐞 There are conductors who preserve tradition, and there are others who seem to reinvent the very act of orchestral music-making. 𝐋𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐤𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐤𝐢…

𝐃𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐫𝐢 𝐌𝐢𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐨𝐬: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐀𝐬𝐜𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐨𝐟 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐞 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐀𝐬 𝐈𝐟 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜 𝐖𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐚 𝐒𝐩𝐢𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐓𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐥 There are conductors who dominate by sheer authority, and there are conductors whose greatness seems to come from something…

𝐇𝐀𝐍𝐒 𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐇𝐓𝐄𝐑 (𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟑–𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟔) 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐈𝐑𝐎𝐍 𝐀𝐑𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐓𝐄𝐂𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐖𝐀𝐆𝐍𝐄𝐑 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐁𝐑𝐀𝐇𝐌𝐒 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐀𝐓 𝐊𝐀𝐏𝐄𝐋𝐋𝐌𝐄𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐇𝐄𝐋𝐏𝐄𝐃 𝐒𝐇𝐀𝐏𝐄 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐎𝐔𝐍𝐃 𝐎𝐅 𝐋𝐀𝐓𝐄 𝟏𝟗𝐓𝐇-𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐘 𝐄𝐔𝐑𝐎𝐏𝐄 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐘 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 — 𝐀 𝐇𝐔𝐍𝐆𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐎𝐅 𝐒𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐃 𝐂𝐑𝐀𝐅𝐓…

𝐀𝐑𝐂𝐀𝐍𝐆𝐄𝐋𝐎 𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐄𝐋𝐋𝐈 (𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟑–𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟑): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Arcangelo Corelli (1653–1713) was born on 17 February 1653 in Fusignano, in the Papal States, and died on 8 January 1713 in…

𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐂̧𝐎𝐈𝐒 𝐂𝐎𝐔𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐍 (𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟖–𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟑): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 François Couperin (1668–1733), later called “le Grand,” was born in Paris on 10 November 1668 and died there on 11 September 1733.…

𝐉𝐄𝐀𝐍 𝐒𝐈𝐁𝐄𝐋𝐈𝐔𝐒 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟓–𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟕): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Jean Sibelius (1865–1957) is often remembered as the austere and noble musical voice of Finland: the composer of Finlandia, the seven symphonies,…

𝐋𝐔𝐃𝐖𝐈𝐆 𝐕𝐀𝐍 𝐁𝐄𝐄𝐓𝐇𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐍: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Ludwig van Beethoven is often presented as the supreme heroic figure in music: defiant, original, morally elevated, and artistically invincible. Yet his…

𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧 - 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐲 𝐍𝐨.𝟑 - 𝐀𝐮𝐝𝐢𝐨 𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 in Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/collection/2053627 𝐁𝐄𝐄𝐓𝐇𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐍’𝐒 𝐓𝐇𝐈𝐑𝐃 𝐒𝐘𝐌𝐏𝐇𝐎𝐍𝐘, “𝐄𝐑𝐎𝐈𝐂𝐀”: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐇𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐎𝐅 𝐈𝐓𝐒 𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 Beethoven’s Third Symphony in E-flat major, Op. 55, universally known as the “Eroica”, stands at…

# **Robert Donington’s *****Baroque Music: Style and Performance*****, ** Robert Donington’s ***Baroque Music: Style and Performance***, subtitled ***A Handbook***, was published in **1982**. The bibliographical record shows two closely related editions that year: a…

**𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 — CHAPTER 3 — “Das Königreich Rücken” (The Kingdom of Back): Leopold’s European Campaign, 1763–1764** **1) The “Duty to God” and the Will to Conquer Europe** Leopold Mozart left Salzburg…

## 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 — CHAPTER 2 - 𝗣𝗔𝗣𝗔: 𝗟𝗘𝗢𝗣𝗢𝗟𝗗, 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗜𝗥𝗔𝗖𝗟𝗘, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗞𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗗𝗜𝗚𝗬 𝗟𝗲𝗼𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗱’𝘀 𝗳𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗽𝗿𝗶𝗼𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆: 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘃𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻 𝗺𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗱, 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗯𝗮𝗯𝘆 In Swafford’s portrait, **the “miracle” in…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗬𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗚 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗛𝗢𝗪 𝗔 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗩𝗜𝗡𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗟 𝗕𝗢𝗬 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗔𝗠𝗘 𝗔 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗖𝗘 When we imagine Johann Sebastian Bach, we often picture the mature master of Leipzig, the composer of the Passions and…

# **Johann Sebastian Bach - The Organist and His Works for the Organ - Andre Pirro ** **Free Download: ** [[https://classicalarchive.org/johann-sebastian-bach-the-organist-and-his-works-for-the-organ-andre-pirro/](https://classicalarchive.org/johann-sebastian-bach-the-organist-and-his-works-for-the-organ-andre-pirro/)](https://classicalarchive.org/johann-sebastian-bach-the-organist-and-his-works-for-the-organ-andre-pirro/) ## **Johann Sebastian Bach – *****The Organist and His Works for the Organ***…

# **Ludwig van Beethoven in Vienna, 1804 — A Year of Inner Revolution** In **1804**, Beethoven’s life in Vienna stood at a decisive crossroads. Externally, he was already recognized as one of the city’s…

# **The Life of Joseph Haydn – James Webster ** **The Life of Joseph Haydn** by **James Webster** is widely regarded as the **most reliable modern short biography** of **Joseph Haydn**. It represents a…

## **Yannick Nézet-Séguin — Anecdotes and Curiosities from a Musical Life** **A Conductor Who Began as a Pianist-Partner** Before he ever stood regularly on the podium, Nézet-Séguin spent countless hours **accompanying singers and instrumentalists…

# **Igor Stravinsky: A Supreme Composer, a Limited Conductor** Few figures in twentieth-century music command admiration as universal as **Igor Stravinsky**. As a composer, he reshaped the language of modern music several times over—first…

# **HUGO WOLF — A LIFE IN 20 CHAPTERS** **Chapter 1 — Origins in Windischgrätz (1860–1868)** Hugo Wolf was born on **13 March 1860** in Windischgrätz, a small provincial town in what was then…

# **Joseph Haydn and Nicola Porpora: A Transformative Encounter** When **Joseph Haydn** was struggling to survive in Vienna in the early **1750s**, poor, largely self-taught, and without influential patrons, a chance encounter would prove…