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𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟬 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗕𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗦𝗽𝗲𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟯𝟬𝘀 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟯𝟬𝘀: 𝗖𝗿𝗼𝘀𝘀𝗿𝗼𝗮𝗱𝘀, 𝗖𝗼𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗲𝗵𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝘀, 𝗥𝗼𝘆𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝗺𝗯𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗲𝗿-Ü𝗯𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗔𝘀 𝗮 𝗣𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰 𝗠𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗳𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗼…

𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗢𝗡𝗘𝗟𝗟𝗢 𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗔 — 𝗔 𝗕𝗥𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗧 𝗖𝗔𝗥𝗘𝗘𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗔𝗕𝗕𝗔𝗗𝗢’𝗦 𝗟𝗘𝗚𝗔𝗖𝗬, 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗢𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗡 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗢𝗥𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔 Antonello Manacorda belongs to that fascinating generation of conductors whose authority did not begin with the baton, but with…

𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗮𝘅𝗼𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗿𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗲𝗿 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗽𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘀 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗽𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗮̈𝗰𝗵𝘀𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝗮𝘁𝘀𝗸𝗮𝗽𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗲 𝗗𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗱𝗲𝗻 (𝗢𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗻𝘀) - Part 1 Few orchestras in the world possess a history as long, continuous and inseparably connected…

𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗥𝗲𝗯𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗼 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗲𝗳 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘀 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗽𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗿 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗸𝗲𝗿 The history of the 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗿 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗸𝗲𝗿 begins not with a royal decree, a wealthy patron or the carefully planned creation of…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗴𝗼: 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗼𝗱𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗼𝗺𝗮𝘀 𝘁𝗼 𝗞𝗹𝗮𝘂𝘀 𝗠𝗮̈𝗸𝗲𝗹𝗮̈ 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗗𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘀 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗴𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗴𝗼 𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗻𝘆 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮 The history of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra is the history of an American institution founded…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗛𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗰 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗢𝘁𝘁𝗼 𝗡𝗶𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗮𝗶 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗻 𝗚𝘂𝗲𝘀𝘁-𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗦𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺: 𝗔 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗹𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗔𝘂𝘁𝗼𝗻𝗼𝗺𝘆, 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗻𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽𝘀 The history of the 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗰 requires a fundamental clarification…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗛𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗲𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗻 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮, 𝗡𝗲𝘄 𝗬𝗼𝗿𝗸 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗔𝘂𝗴𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗲 𝗩𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗲𝘀𝗶 𝘁𝗼 𝗬𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗸 𝗡𝗲́𝘇𝗲𝘁-𝗦𝗲́𝗴𝘂𝗶𝗻: 𝗔 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗹𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗟𝗲𝗮𝗱𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽 𝗮𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗲𝘁 The conducting history of the Metropolitan Opera of New York is…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗲𝗳 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗴𝗲𝗯𝗼𝘂𝘄 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗺 𝗞𝗲𝘀 𝘁𝗼 𝗞𝗹𝗮𝘂𝘀 𝗠𝗮̈𝗸𝗲𝗹𝗮̈: 𝗔 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗹𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗔𝗺𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗮𝗺’𝘀 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 Few orchestras in the world have constructed their identity through so small and so…

𝗦𝗜𝗥 𝗦𝗜𝗠𝗢𝗡 𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗧𝗟𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗥 𝗣𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗠𝗢𝗡𝗜𝗞𝗘𝗥 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗼𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝟮𝟭𝘀𝘁 𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘂𝗿𝘆 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘀𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝘆, 𝗲𝗱𝘂𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗼𝗿𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗱𝗶𝗴𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗿𝗲𝗶𝗻𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗲𝗳 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗱𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿, 𝟮𝟬𝟬𝟮–𝟮𝟬𝟭𝟴 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗔𝗯𝗯𝗮𝗱𝗼 𝘁𝗼 𝗥𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗹𝗲: 𝗮 𝗻𝗲𝘄 𝗾𝘂𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗳𝗼𝗿…

𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗼𝗱𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗼𝗺𝗮𝘀 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗔 𝗦𝘂𝗺𝗺𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗢𝗳 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲, 𝗖𝗮𝗿𝗲𝗲𝗿, 𝗔𝗻𝗱 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗳𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗼𝗱𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗼𝗺𝗮𝘀 — born 𝗢𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟭, 𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟱, in 𝗘𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘀, East Frisia, and died 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟰, 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟱, in 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗴𝗼 — was one of…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟯 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗥𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗶𝗲𝗺, 𝗕𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻, 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, 𝗦𝘁𝗼𝗰𝗸𝗵𝗮𝘂𝘀𝗲𝗻, 𝗔𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗵𝗼𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗢𝗳 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟳–𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟵 Chapter 3 of Volume II — printed in…

𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗢𝗟𝗗 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗘𝗡𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗚: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗚𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗔𝗡𝗚𝗨𝗔𝗚𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 Few composers in the history of Western music provoked as much fascination, resistance, misunderstanding, and admiration as 𝗔𝗿𝗻𝗼𝗹𝗱 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗲𝗻𝗯𝗲𝗿𝗴. He was born in 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟯 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗥𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗶𝗲𝗺, 𝗕𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻, 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, 𝗦𝘁𝗼𝗰𝗸𝗵𝗮𝘂𝘀𝗲𝗻, 𝗔𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗵𝗼𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗢𝗳 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟳–𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟵 Chapter 3 of Volume II — printed in…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟯 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗥𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗶𝗲𝗺, 𝗕𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻, 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, 𝗦𝘁𝗼𝗰𝗸𝗵𝗮𝘂𝘀𝗲𝗻, 𝗔𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗵𝗼𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗢𝗳 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟳–𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟵 Chapter 3 of Volume II — printed in…

𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗜𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗥 𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗥𝗠 𝗢𝗙 𝗖𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗢𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴 — 𝗛𝗼𝘄 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗪𝗮𝘀 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻 𝗶𝗻 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗱 𝗕𝗲𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗜𝘁 𝗥𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗮𝗴𝗲 For 𝗟𝘂𝗱𝘄𝗶𝗴 𝘃𝗮𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻, composing was never a calm technical exercise. It…

𝗢𝘁𝘁𝗼 𝗞𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗿: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗪𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗱 𝗚𝗶𝗮𝗻𝘁 — 𝗔 𝗣𝘀𝘆𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗣𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗶𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗧𝘂𝗿𝗻𝗲𝗱 𝗦𝘂𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗼 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲 𝗔 𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗼𝗿𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗘𝘀𝘀𝗮𝘆 𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗜𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗿 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱 𝗼𝗳 𝗢𝘁𝘁𝗼 𝗞𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗿 To understand 𝗢𝘁𝘁𝗼 𝗞𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗿 only as a…

𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗼𝘇 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗼, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝘂𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲 Berlioz/Liszt: Symphonie fantastique ― Idil Biret https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U88C1-3Vlmc&list=RDU88C1-3Vlmc&start_radio=1 The relationship between 𝗛𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗼𝘇 and 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 was one of the most fertile…

𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗔𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗘𝗦 𝗔𝗦 𝗔 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗦𝗬𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗠 𝟭𝟲𝟲𝟭–𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟵 The Palace of Versailles was never simply a royal residence, nor even merely the most spectacular architectural expression of French absolutism. From the moment Louis XIV began transforming…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗙𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗹𝘆 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗮𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗧𝗿𝗲𝗲 𝗔 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝘆𝗻𝗮𝘀𝘁𝘆 𝗔𝗰𝗿𝗼𝘀𝘀 𝗠𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗮𝗻 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗖𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀 The 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗳𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗹𝘆 represents one of the most extraordinary hereditary musical lineages in European history. It was not simply a family…

𝗚𝗨𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗩 𝗠𝗔𝗛𝗟𝗘𝗥 𝗔𝗡 𝗜𝗡-𝗗𝗘𝗣𝗧𝗛 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗕𝗔𝗟𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘𝗗 𝗣𝗦𝗬𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗣𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗜𝗧 To enter the inner world of 𝗚𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘃 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 is to stand before one of the most exposed psyches in the history of music. Few composers turned…

𝗔𝗠𝗕𝗥𝗢𝗜𝗦𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗦 𝗔𝗻𝗲𝗰𝗱𝗼𝘁𝗲𝘀, 𝗖𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗵 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗦𝘂𝗿𝘃𝗶𝘃𝗼𝗿 𝗔𝗺𝗯𝗿𝗼𝗶𝘀𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗼𝗺𝗮𝘀 was one of the central figures of nineteenth-century French opera, although his reputation today rests above all on two works:…

𝗚𝗜𝗔𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗢 𝗠𝗘𝗬𝗘𝗥𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗥 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗮𝗻 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗧𝘂𝗿𝗻𝗲𝗱 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗼 𝗮 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱 The life of 𝗚𝗶𝗮𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗼 𝗠𝗲𝘆𝗲𝗿𝗯𝗲𝗲𝗿 is full of paradoxes. He was one of the most famous opera composers of the nineteenth century, perhaps the…

𝗪𝗔𝗚𝗡𝗘𝗥 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗘𝗬𝗘𝗥𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗥 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗮𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗻, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗗𝗲𝗯𝘁, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘆𝗮𝗹 — 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗢𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗧𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗥𝗲𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗡𝗶𝗻𝗲𝘁𝗲𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗵-𝗖𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘂𝗿𝘆 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 The relationship between 𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗲𝗿 and 𝗚𝗶𝗮𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗼 𝗠𝗲𝘆𝗲𝗿𝗯𝗲𝗲𝗿 is one of the most revealing,…

𝗕𝗥𝗨𝗖𝗞𝗡𝗘𝗥 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗗𝗩𝗢ŘÁ𝗞 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗣𝗶𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗰𝘀, 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗡𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀, 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗩𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗵𝗼𝗻𝘆 The relationship between 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻 𝗕𝗿𝘂𝗰𝗸𝗻𝗲𝗿 and 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻í𝗻 𝗗𝘃𝗼řá𝗸 is much more difficult to describe than the relationship between Brahms and Dvořák.…