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𝐁𝐄𝐋𝐀 𝐁𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐎𝐊 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐎𝐋𝐊 𝐀𝐋𝐂𝐇𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐒𝐓 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐑𝐄𝐈𝐍𝐕𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐃 𝐌𝐎𝐃𝐄𝐑𝐍 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟏–𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟓) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐆𝐘 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐍𝐀𝐆𝐘𝐒𝐙𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐌𝐈𝐊𝐋𝐎𝐒 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟏–𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟗) 𝐁𝐞𝐥𝐚 𝐕𝐢𝐤𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐉𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐬 𝐁𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐨𝐤 (1881–1945) was born on 25 March 1881 in Nagyszentmiklos, then in the Kingdom…

𝐑𝐎𝐁𝐄𝐑𝐓 𝐊𝐀𝐉𝐀𝐍𝐔𝐒 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐀𝐑𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐓𝐄𝐂𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐈𝐍𝐍𝐈𝐒𝐇 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂: 𝐌𝐀𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐑𝐒, 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐂𝐈𝐏𝐋𝐄𝐒 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐍𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 (𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟔–𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟑) 𝐀 𝐘𝐎𝐔𝐍𝐆 𝐅𝐈𝐍𝐍 𝐋𝐎𝐎𝐊𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐓𝐎 𝐄𝐔𝐑𝐎𝐏𝐄 When 𝐑𝐨𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐭 𝐊𝐚𝐣𝐚𝐧𝐮𝐬 (1856–1933) was born in Helsingfors on 2 December…

𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐑𝐃 𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐔𝐒𝐒 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐒𝐄𝐑𝐕𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐕𝐄 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐆𝐘 𝐓𝐎 𝐒𝐘𝐌𝐏𝐇𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐂 𝐑𝐄𝐕𝐎𝐋𝐔𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐀𝐑𝐘 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟒–𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟔) 𝐈. 𝐌𝐔𝐍𝐈𝐂𝐇 𝐎𝐑𝐈𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐒 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀 𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐅𝐀𝐓𝐇𝐄𝐑 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟒–𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟎) 𝐑𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐆𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐠 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐬 (1864–1949) was born on 11 June 1864 in Munich, into a deeply musical…

𝐋𝐄𝐎𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐃 𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐊𝐎𝐖𝐒𝐊𝐈 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐋𝐎𝐍𝐃𝐎𝐍 𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐀𝐍 𝐋𝐎𝐅𝐓 𝐓𝐎 𝐀𝐌𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐍 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐏𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐔𝐌 𝐌𝐘𝐓𝐇 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐒𝐇-𝐁𝐑𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐒𝐇 𝐁𝐎𝐘 𝐖𝐈𝐓𝐇 𝐁𝐈𝐆 𝐀𝐌𝐁𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟔) 𝐋𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐤𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐤𝐢 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟐–𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟕) was born on 18 April 1882…

𝐂𝐄𝐒𝐀𝐑 𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐊 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐘𝐒𝐓𝐈𝐂 𝐀𝐑𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐓𝐄𝐂𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐇 𝐒𝐘𝐌𝐏𝐇𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐂 𝐑𝐎𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐈𝐒𝐌 (𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟎) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐁𝐄𝐓𝐖𝐄𝐄𝐍 𝐍𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 (𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟓) 𝐂𝐞𝐬𝐚𝐫 𝐀𝐮𝐠𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐞 𝐅𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐤 (𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟎) was born on 10 December 1822 in Liège, then part of the United…

𝐌𝐨𝐳𝐚𝐫𝐭: 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐍𝐨. 𝟏𝟎 𝐢𝐧 𝐁-𝐟𝐥𝐚𝐭 𝐦𝐚𝐣𝐨𝐫, 𝐊𝐕 𝟑𝟔𝟏 (“𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐧 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐚”) — 𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐀𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐮𝐦 (𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟑) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ogEYg0hkEMI&t=240s 𝐌𝐨𝐳𝐚𝐫𝐭’𝐬 “𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐧 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐚”: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐓𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐁𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐡 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐄𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐆𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞: 𝐀 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐓𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐩𝐬 𝐁𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐠…

## **𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬: Chapter 4 — An Instrument at the Command of Music** **1) From Calais to London: fame arrives first (April 1764)** Nannerl notes the **tides at Calais**, then the family…

𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐃𝐨𝐫á𝐭𝐢 – 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐞 𝐃𝐞𝐜𝐜𝐚 𝐇𝐚𝐲𝐝𝐧 𝐑𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬 – 𝐁𝐨𝐱 𝐒𝐞𝐭 (𝟒𝟏 𝐂𝐃𝐬) 𝐂𝐃 𝟏 Symphonies Nos. 1–5 𝐂𝐃 𝟐 Symphonies Nos. 6–8 𝐂𝐃 𝟑 Symphonies Nos. 9–12 𝐂𝐃 𝟒 Symphonies Nos. 13–16 𝐂𝐃…

𝐂𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐌𝐀 𝐋𝐈𝐒𝐙𝐓 & 𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐑𝐃 𝐖𝐀𝐆𝐍𝐄𝐑: 𝐋𝐎𝐕𝐄, 𝐒𝐂𝐀𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐋, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐔𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐎𝐅 𝐁𝐀𝐘𝐑𝐄𝐔𝐓𝐇 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐀𝐘 (𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟕–𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟎) 𝐈. 𝐎𝐑𝐈𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐅𝐀𝐓𝐀𝐋 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐍𝐄𝐑𝐒𝐇𝐈𝐏 (𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟕–𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟔) 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐦𝐚 𝐋𝐢𝐬𝐳𝐭 was born on 𝐁𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐝𝐞: 𝟐𝟒 𝐃𝐞𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟕…

𝐆𝐔𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐕 𝐌𝐀𝐇𝐋𝐄𝐑 & 𝐉𝐔𝐒𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐄 𝐌𝐀𝐇𝐋𝐄𝐑: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐇𝐄𝐋𝐃 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 𝐓𝐎𝐆𝐄𝐓𝐇𝐄𝐑 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐀𝐘 𝐎𝐅 𝐋𝐎𝐕𝐄, 𝐃𝐔𝐓𝐘, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐄𝐗𝐈𝐋𝐄 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟖–𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟖) 𝐈. 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐀𝐌𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐂𝐑𝐔𝐂𝐈𝐁𝐋𝐄 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟖–𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟖) 𝐉𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐞 (𝐄𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐞) 𝐌𝐚𝐡𝐥𝐞𝐫 was born…

𝐂𝐋𝐀𝐔𝐃𝐄 𝐃𝐄𝐁𝐔𝐒𝐒𝐘: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐑𝐄𝐁𝐄𝐋 𝐀𝐓 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐏𝐈𝐀𝐍𝐎 — 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐓𝐄𝐀𝐂𝐇𝐄𝐑𝐒, 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐏𝐔𝐏𝐈𝐋𝐒, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐄𝐗𝐏𝐋𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐕𝐄 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐍𝐄𝐖 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟒) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐎𝐔𝐓𝐒𝐈𝐃𝐄 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐘𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐌 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟐) 𝐂𝐥𝐚𝐮𝐝𝐞 𝐀𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐞 𝐃𝐞𝐛𝐮𝐬𝐬𝐲 was born on…

𝐂𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐎𝐒 𝐊𝐋𝐄𝐈𝐁𝐄𝐑: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐔𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐀𝐏𝐏𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐄 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐏𝐎𝐑𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐈𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐏𝐒𝐘𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐘 (𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟎–𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟒) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐈𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐇𝐀𝐃𝐎𝐖 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐆𝐈𝐀𝐍𝐓 (𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟎–𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟓) Carlos Kleiber was born Karl Ludwig Bonifacius Kleiber on 3…

## **𝐇𝐄𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐍 𝐖𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐄𝐋𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐍 (𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟗–𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟐)** **A Rigorous Essay on His Life and Professional Activity** ## **𝐈. 𝐎𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐔𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐚𝐭𝐡 𝐭𝐨 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠 (𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟗–𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟓)** **Hermann Winkelmann** was born on **March 8, 1849, in Brunswick (Braunschweig), Germany**.…

𝐀𝐍𝐄𝐂𝐃𝐎𝐓𝐄𝐒 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐔𝐑𝐈𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐄𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐔𝐑 𝐍𝐈𝐊𝐈𝐒𝐂𝐇 (𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟓–𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟐) A Deep and Expansive Portrait of the Man Behind the Baton 𝐈. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐄𝐲𝐞𝐬 — “𝐇𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐔𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐇𝐢𝐬 𝐆𝐚𝐳𝐞” One of the most persistent…

𝗦𝗜𝗥 𝗛𝗘𝗡𝗥𝗬 𝗪𝗢𝗢𝗗 (1869–1944) — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗧𝗘𝗖𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗢𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗡 𝗕𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗦𝗛 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 (1869–1894) Sir Henry Joseph Wood was born in London on 3 March 1869, into a musically inclined family.…

**𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 — CHAPTER 3 — “Das Königreich Rücken” (The Kingdom of Back): Leopold’s European Campaign, 1763–1764** **1) The “Duty to God” and the Will to Conquer Europe** Leopold Mozart left Salzburg…

𝗚𝗘𝗢𝗥𝗚𝗘 𝗦𝗭𝗘𝗟𝗟 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗔𝗡 𝗜𝗥𝗢𝗡 𝗠𝗔𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗢 The early career of 𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗿𝗴𝗲 𝗦𝘇𝗲𝗹𝗹 (1897–1970) reads less like the meteoric story of a flamboyant prodigy and more like the steady forging of one…

𝗛𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗢𝗭 — 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗠𝗘𝗗𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗧𝗢 𝗥𝗘𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗬: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗜𝗥𝗧𝗛 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗣𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗜𝗘 𝗙𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗤𝗨𝗘 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗦: 𝗔 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗔𝗚𝗔𝗜𝗡𝗦𝗧 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗙𝗔𝗧𝗘 (1803–1826) Hector Berlioz (1803–1869) was born on 11 December 1803 in La Côte-Saint-André,…

𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗦 𝗥𝗢𝗦𝗕𝗔𝗨𝗗 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗢𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗡𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 (1895–1920) Hans Rosbaud was born on July 22, 1895, in Graz, Austria, into a musically cultivated family. His father was…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗢𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗡 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗣𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗬 𝗢𝗥𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗛 𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗗𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗚𝗘𝗗 𝗕𝗬 𝗣𝗜𝗘𝗥𝗥𝗘 𝗠𝗢𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗨𝗫, 𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗚𝗘 𝗞𝗢𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗘𝗩𝗜𝗧𝗭𝗞𝗬 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗘𝗦 𝗠𝗨𝗡𝗖𝗛 𝗜𝗡𝗧𝗥𝗢𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 — 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗨𝗨𝗠 𝗢𝗙 𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 The artistic identity of the Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO) in…

𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗚𝗜𝗨 𝗖𝗘𝗟𝗜𝗕𝗜𝗗𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗘 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗛𝗘𝗡𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗬 𝗢𝗙 𝗦𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗗: 𝗔 𝗥𝗜𝗚𝗢𝗥𝗢𝗨𝗦 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗦𝗧𝗬𝗟𝗘 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗔𝗚𝗔𝗜𝗡𝗦𝗧 𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗗𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 Sergiu Celibidache (1912–1996) remains one of the most singular figures in twentieth-century conducting. From the beginning…

𝗡𝗜𝗞𝗢𝗟𝗔𝗜 𝗥𝗜𝗠𝗦𝗞𝗬-𝗞𝗢𝗥𝗦𝗔𝗞𝗢𝗩 — 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗛𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗦𝗧 𝗬𝗢𝗨𝗧𝗛 (1844–1865) 𝗔 𝗡𝗢𝗕𝗟𝗘 𝗕𝗘𝗚𝗜𝗡𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗜𝗡 𝗧𝗜𝗞𝗛𝗩𝗜𝗡 (1844–1856) Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov was born on March 18 (March 6 O.S.), 1844, in the provincial Russian town of Tikhvin, into…

MOZART BIOGRAPHY , JAN SWAFFORD: ## 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟭 — 𝗟𝗲𝗼𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗱: 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗳𝗮𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱 𝘄𝗵𝗼 𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝘀 𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗯𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵: 𝗳𝗲𝗮𝗿, 𝗳𝗮𝗶𝘁𝗵, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘀𝘂𝗿𝘃𝗶𝘃𝗮𝗹 The chapter opens with an intimate, almost confessional…

## **𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗 — 𝗦𝗨𝗖𝗖𝗘𝗦𝗦, 𝗠𝗬𝗧𝗛𝗦, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥’𝗦 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗣𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘** **𝗠𝗼𝘇𝗮𝗿𝘁’𝘀 𝗟𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗗𝗶𝗳𝗳𝗶𝗰𝘂𝗹𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝘅𝘁** Mozart experienced **some difficult periods toward the end of his life**, but Swafford stresses that hardship was not…