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𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀 - 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘁𝗲 𝗘𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 - 𝗕𝗼𝘅 𝗦𝗲𝘁 𝟰𝟲𝗖𝗗𝘀 𝗩𝗼𝗹. 𝟭: 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗸𝘀 𝗖𝗗 𝟭 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀: 𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗻𝘆 𝗡𝗼. 𝟭 𝗜𝗻 𝗖 𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗼𝗿, 𝗢𝗽. 𝟲𝟴 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀: 𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗻𝘆 𝗡𝗼. 𝟯 𝗜𝗻 𝗙 𝗠𝗮𝗷𝗼𝗿, 𝗢𝗽. 𝟵𝟬 Berliner Philharmoniker,…

𝗠𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹𝘀𝘀𝗼𝗵𝗻: 𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗻𝘆 𝗡𝗼. 𝟭, 𝗢𝗽. 𝟭𝟭 (1824)- 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗿 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝘃𝗼𝗻 𝗞𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗷𝗮𝗻 (conductor) Recorded: 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟵𝟳𝟮, 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗻. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2IaWQ3qv8s&t=743s 𝗜. 𝗔𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗿𝗼 𝗱𝗶 𝗺𝗼𝗹𝘁𝗼 (𝗖 𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗼𝗿) The symphony opens with a bold, vigorous gesture — a…

𝗔𝗻𝗲𝗰𝗱𝗼𝘁𝗲𝘀 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗹𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗙𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘅 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹𝘀𝘀𝗼𝗵𝗻 1. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗴𝘆 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗢𝘂𝘁𝘀𝗵𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗘𝘅𝗽𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 Felix Mendelssohn was not merely a talented child — he was 𝗮 𝗽𝗵𝗲𝗻𝗼𝗺𝗲𝗻𝗼𝗻. Born in Hamburg in 1809 into a…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗛𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗙𝗘𝗟𝗜𝗫 𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗟𝗦𝗦𝗢𝗛𝗡 (𝗜𝗜𝗜) “𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗗𝗮𝘄𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀” (𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟮–𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟱) 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟱: 𝗔 𝗖𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 By 1822, Berlin had become one of the 𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗘𝘂𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗲, alive with the spirit…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗛𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗙𝗘𝗟𝗜𝗫 𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗟𝗦𝗦𝗢𝗛𝗡 (𝗜𝗜) “𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗘𝗱𝘂𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀” (𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟳–𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟭) 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟴: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗶𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗮𝗿𝗹 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗱𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗭𝗲𝗹𝘁𝗲𝗿 By 1817, when Felix was eight years old, his father decided that the time had…

𝗖𝗮𝗿𝗹 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗱𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗭𝗲𝗹𝘁𝗲𝗿 (𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟴–𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟮): 𝗚𝘂𝗮𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗧𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝘁𝗼 𝗙𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘅 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹𝘀𝘀𝗼𝗵𝗻 𝗘𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 Carl Friedrich Zelter was born on December 11, 1758, in Berlin, at a time…

𝗙𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘅 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹𝘀𝘀𝗼𝗵𝗻 — 𝗣𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝘀𝗵𝗲𝗱 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗸𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘁𝗲 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗢𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟮 Quartet for pianoforte, violin, viola, and violoncello in C minor, Op. 1 (Berlin). 𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟯 Quartet for pianoforte, violin, viola, and violoncello in F minor,…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗨𝗦𝗦 𝗜𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗪𝗔𝗟𝗧𝗭 𝗞𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗔 𝗜𝗡𝗧𝗢 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗦 𝗜𝗡 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗔: 𝗔 𝗦𝗢𝗡 𝗕𝗢𝗥𝗡 𝗜𝗡𝗧𝗢 𝗥𝗛𝗬𝗧𝗛𝗠 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗙𝗟𝗜𝗖𝗧 Johann Strauss II was born in 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗼𝗻 𝗢𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟮𝟱, 𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟱, into…

𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣𝗦 𝗕𝗘𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗦 - 𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗜 — 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗚𝗟𝗨𝗖𝗞 𝗧𝗢 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 In this second great historical block, the center of gravity shifts from the mature Baroque world toward the age…

𝐋𝐞́𝐨 𝐃𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐬: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐎𝐟 𝐁𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐞, 𝐌𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐝𝐲, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐫 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐄𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐌𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐜 There are composers who change music through force, others through philosophy, and others through sheer theatrical instinct.…

𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘂𝗱𝗲 𝗗𝗲𝗯𝘂𝘀𝘀𝘆, 𝗣𝗿𝗲́𝗹𝘂𝗱𝗲 𝗮̀ 𝗹'𝗔𝗽𝗿𝗲̀𝘀-𝗺𝗶𝗱𝗶 𝗱'𝘂𝗻 𝗳𝗮𝘂𝗻𝗲 - 𝗧𝗶𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗵𝘆 𝗛𝘂𝘁𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝘀 · 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗲 𝘀𝘆𝗺𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗾𝘂𝗲 𝗱𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗲́𝗮𝗹 · 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗗𝘂𝘁𝗼𝗶𝘁 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bYyK922PsUw 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗨𝗗𝗘 𝗗𝗘𝗕𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗬, 𝗣𝗥𝗘́𝗟𝗨𝗗𝗘 𝗔̀ 𝗟'𝗔𝗣𝗥𝗘̀𝗦-𝗠𝗜𝗗𝗜 𝗗'𝗨𝗡 𝗙𝗔𝗨𝗡𝗘 𝗔 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗞 𝗧𝗛𝗔𝗧 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗚𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗜𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖…

𝗗𝗲𝗯𝘂𝘀𝘀𝘆 - 𝗟𝗲 𝗠𝗲𝗿 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗲 𝗡𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗲 𝗟’𝗢.𝗥.𝗧.𝗙.- 𝗝𝗲𝗮𝗻 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗼𝗻 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ocwzBaYWVG8 𝗗𝗘𝗕𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗬: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗢𝗖𝗘𝗔𝗡 𝗔𝗦 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗘𝗔 𝗔𝗦 𝗠𝗘𝗠𝗢𝗥𝗬, 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗕𝗢𝗟, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗜𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗥 𝗟𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗦𝗖𝗔𝗣𝗘 For Claude Debussy, the sea was never merely a stretch…

𝗗𝗘𝗕𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗬: 𝗔 𝗕𝗢𝗗𝗬 𝗪𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗬, 𝗔 𝗦𝗣𝗜𝗥𝗜𝗧 𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗟𝗟 𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗟𝗢𝗪 𝗔𝗣𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗔𝗖𝗛 𝗢𝗙 𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗦 By the last decade of his life, Claude Debussy was already a figure of immense artistic authority, yet inwardly his world…

𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗯𝘆 𝗠𝗮𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗥𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗹 𝗦𝗼𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗺𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 (1888), Solo piano. Student exercise for Charles-René’s course, lost. 𝗩𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗼𝗻 𝗮 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗺𝗲 𝗯𝘆 𝗚𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗴 (1888), Solo piano. Based on 'Åse's Death' from Grieg’s Peer Gynt, student work…

𝗔 𝗧𝗿𝗶𝗮𝗱 𝗼𝗳 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗧𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗻𝘀: 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹𝘀𝘀𝗼𝗵𝗻, 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗼𝘇 𝗶𝗻 𝗟𝗲𝗶𝗽𝘇𝗶𝗴, 𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟯–𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟰 𝗜. 𝗟𝗲𝗶𝗽𝘇𝗶𝗴 𝗮𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗵𝗲𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗶𝘁𝘀 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗽𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗴𝗲 In the early 1840s, 𝗟𝗲𝗶𝗽𝘇𝗶𝗴 was one of the great musical capitals of…

𝐉𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐭: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐨𝐞𝐭 𝐎𝐟 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐡 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞, 𝐒𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐌𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐲 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐌𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐜 There are composers who dominate by monumentality, and others who conquer through something apparently lighter but no less…

𝐇𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐁𝐞𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐨𝐳: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐞𝐭 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐎𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐞, 𝐎𝐛𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐃𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐀 𝐍𝐞𝐰 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐞 There are composers who refine an existing language, and there are others who seem to arrive almost…

# **𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - Chapter 18 - Long and Laborious Effort** **I. Vienna in Motion: The Trattnerhof and the Economy of Genius** At the opening of **1784**, Mozart is no longer merely…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟲: 𝗔𝗟𝗠𝗜𝗥𝗔 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗦𝗧 𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗨𝗠𝗣𝗛 (𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟱) If the duel with Mattheson marked the violent end of one phase of Handel’s youth, 𝗔𝗹𝗺𝗶𝗿𝗮 marked the beginning of another:…

𝗥𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗢𝗩’𝗦 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗦𝗧 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗣𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗬: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗠𝗜𝗘𝗥𝗘, 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗟𝗨𝗥𝗘, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗟𝗔𝗭𝗨𝗡𝗢𝗩 𝗤𝗨𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸 𝗶𝘁𝘀𝗲𝗹𝗳 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝘄𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝗶𝗻 𝟭𝟴𝟵𝟱, 𝗯𝘂𝘁 𝗶𝘁𝘀 𝗳𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝘁𝗼𝗼𝗸 𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗰𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝗦𝘁. 𝗣𝗲𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗯𝘂𝗿𝗴 𝗼𝗻 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟮𝟴, 𝟭𝟴𝟵𝟳 (𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟲 𝗢.𝗦.).…

𝗧𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗸𝗼𝘃𝘀𝗸𝘆 - 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗸𝘀 𝗯𝘆 𝗢𝗽𝘂𝘀 𝗡𝘂𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝗢𝗽. 𝟭 — Scherzo à la russe (1867) and Impromptu (1863/64) 𝗢𝗽. 𝟮 — Souvenir de Hapsal (1867) 𝗢𝗽. 𝟯 — The Voyevoda — opera (1867–68)…

𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 - 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗧𝗿𝗶𝗽𝗹𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗼 𝗶𝗻 𝗖 𝗠𝗮𝗷𝗼𝗿, 𝗢𝗽. 𝟱𝟲 - 𝗗𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗱 𝗢𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗸𝗵 / 𝗠𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘃 𝗥𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗵 / 𝗦𝘃𝗶𝗮𝘁𝗼𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘃 𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝘁𝗲𝗿 / 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝘃𝗼𝗻 𝗞𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗷𝗮𝗻 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zt4EvVbzIXg 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 – 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗣𝗟𝗘 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗖𝗘𝗥𝗧𝗢 𝗜𝗡 𝗖 𝗠𝗔𝗝𝗢𝗥, 𝗢𝗣. 𝟱𝟲…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟰: 𝗛𝗔𝗠𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗚 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗦𝗧 𝗕𝗔𝗧𝗧𝗟𝗘𝗙𝗜𝗘𝗟𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗔𝗠𝗕𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 (𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟯–𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟰) When Handel left Halle in the spring of 1703, he was not simply changing cities. He was crossing a…

𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗚𝗜𝗨 𝗖𝗘𝗟𝗜𝗕𝗜𝗗𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗘: 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗙𝗔𝗠𝗜𝗟𝗬 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗜. 𝗢𝗥𝗜𝗚𝗜𝗡𝗦, 𝗙𝗔𝗠𝗜𝗟𝗬 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗞𝗚𝗥𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗗, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗧𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗶𝘂 𝗖𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗯𝗶𝗱𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲 was born on 28 June 1912 in Roman, Romania. A foundation dedicated to his legacy states that he…