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𝗝𝗔𝗡 𝗟𝗔𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗟𝗔𝗩 𝗗𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗘𝗞: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗢𝗛𝗘𝗠𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗢 𝗣𝗢𝗘𝗧 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗢𝗪𝗘𝗗 𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗣𝗜𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗦𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗢 𝗝𝗮𝗻 𝗟𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘃 𝗗𝘂𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗸 𝗔𝗹𝘀𝗼 𝗸𝗻𝗼𝘄𝗻 𝗮𝘀: 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗟𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘂𝘀 𝗗𝘂𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗸 / 𝗝𝗮𝗻 𝗟𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘃 𝗗𝘂𝘀𝗶́𝗸 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭𝟮 𝗙𝗲𝗯𝗿𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟲𝟬,…

𝗠𝗨𝗭𝗜𝗢 𝗖𝗟𝗘𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗔𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗢𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗧𝗘𝗖𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗢𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗡 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗢 𝗧𝗘𝗖𝗛𝗡𝗜𝗤𝗨𝗘 𝗠𝘂𝘇𝗶𝗼 𝗖𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟮𝟯 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟮, 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗲, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟬 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟮, 𝗘𝘃𝗲𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗺, 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱 Among the great figures in the…

𝗟𝗨𝗜𝗚𝗜 𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗥𝗨𝗕𝗜𝗡𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢𝗦𝗘 𝗗𝗥𝗔𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗘 𝗪𝗔𝗦 𝗔𝗗𝗠𝗜𝗥𝗘𝗗 𝗕𝗬 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 𝗟𝘂𝗶𝗴𝗶 𝗖𝗵𝗲𝗿𝘂𝗯𝗶𝗻𝗶 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟴 𝗦𝗲𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟲𝟬, 𝗙𝗹𝗼𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟱 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟮, 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 Among the great transitional figures between the Classical…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗡𝗘𝗣𝗢𝗠𝗨𝗞 𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗠𝗘𝗟: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗘𝗟𝗘𝗚𝗔𝗡𝗧 𝗩𝗜𝗥𝗧𝗨𝗢𝗦𝗢 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗕𝗘𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧, 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗣𝗜𝗡 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗡𝗲𝗽𝗼𝗺𝘂𝗸 𝗛𝘂𝗺𝗺𝗲𝗹 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭𝟰 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟴, 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗯𝘂𝗿𝗴, 𝗞𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗱𝗼𝗺 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗿𝘆 — 𝗻𝗼𝘄 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘃𝗮, 𝗦𝗹𝗼𝘃𝗮𝗸𝗶𝗮 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟳 𝗢𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟳, 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗿, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆…

𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗜𝗕𝗔𝗟𝗗 𝗚𝗟𝗨𝗖𝗞: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗖𝗨𝗘𝗗 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗘𝗠𝗣𝗧𝗬 𝗩𝗜𝗥𝗧𝗨𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗽𝗵 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗯𝗮𝗹𝗱 𝗚𝗹𝘂𝗰𝗸 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟮 𝗝𝘂𝗹𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟰, 𝗘𝗿𝗮𝘀𝗯𝗮𝗰𝗵, 𝗕𝗮𝘃𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟱 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟳, 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, 𝗔𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗮 Among the great composers of the eighteenth century,…

𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡, 𝗕𝗬 𝗝. 𝗖𝗨𝗧𝗛𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗗𝗘𝗡 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟮𝟬 𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗡, 𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗔𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗣𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗬 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗧𝗔 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗣𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗜𝗧 At the end of 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗛𝗮𝘆𝗱𝗻’s story, after Rohrau,…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗔 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟱 𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗜𝗩𝗔𝗟 ════════════════════════════ 𝗜. 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗡𝗘𝗪 𝗖𝗜𝗧𝗬 Mozart arrived in Vienna on 16 March 1781, after a four-day journey from Munich. He came at the command of…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡 𝗦𝗔𝗟𝗭𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗚 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟰 𝗙𝗔𝗥𝗘𝗪𝗘𝗟𝗟 𝗧𝗢 𝗦𝗔𝗟𝗭𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗚 ════════════════════════════ 𝗜. 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗘𝗡𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗔𝗟𝗭𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗚 𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗥𝗬 This chapter marks the end of Mozart’s Salzburg life. It does not end with a…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡 𝗦𝗔𝗟𝗭𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗚 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟯 𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗔𝗟𝗟𝗘𝗟 𝗟𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗦 ════════════════════════════ 𝗜. 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗢𝗡 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗥𝗘𝗣𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗦 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗔𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗥 After the chapters of love, maternal death, Parisian grief, and musical inwardness, the biography turns back…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟬 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗕𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗦𝗽𝗲𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟯𝟬𝘀 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟯𝟬𝘀: 𝗖𝗿𝗼𝘀𝘀𝗿𝗼𝗮𝗱𝘀, 𝗖𝗼𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗲𝗵𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝘀, 𝗥𝗼𝘆𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝗺𝗯𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗲𝗿-Ü𝗯𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗔𝘀 𝗮 𝗣𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰 𝗠𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗳𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗼…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟵 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗮𝗿 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗽𝗼𝗶𝗻𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗣𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗶𝗻 𝗟𝗲𝗶𝗽𝘇𝗶𝗴: 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗲𝗿, 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿, 𝗧𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿, 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗮𝗿, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗧𝗵𝗼𝘂𝗴𝗵𝘁 After the first…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡 𝗦𝗔𝗟𝗭𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗚 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟮 𝗧𝗥𝗢𝗨𝗕𝗟𝗘 𝗜𝗡 𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗔𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗘 ════════════════════════════ 𝗜. 𝗪𝗛𝗘𝗡 𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗔𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗘 𝗜𝗦 𝗡𝗢 𝗟𝗢𝗡𝗚𝗘𝗥 𝗦𝗔𝗙𝗘 After the death of 𝗔𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝗠𝗼𝘇𝗮𝗿𝘁 in Paris, the biography enters a new region.…

𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡, 𝗕𝗬 𝗝. 𝗖𝗨𝗧𝗛𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗗𝗘𝗡 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟲 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗 𝗟𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗢𝗡 𝗩𝗜𝗦𝗜𝗧 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗥𝗢𝗪𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗥𝗘𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗡 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗤𝗨𝗘𝗥𝗢𝗥 When 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗛𝗮𝘆𝗱𝗻 returned to England in 𝟭𝟳𝟵𝟰, he did not arrive…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟴 𝗥𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗮 𝗩𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗢𝗳𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗖𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗗𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗶𝗻 𝗟𝗲𝗶𝗽𝘇𝗶𝗴: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟮𝟬𝘀 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗔𝗿𝗿𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗱 𝗮𝘀 𝗮 𝗖𝗮𝗽𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗺𝗲𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿: 𝗖𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗮𝘀, 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗼𝗹, 𝗖𝗶𝘁𝘆, 𝗮𝗻𝗱…

𝗣𝗨𝗦𝗛𝗞𝗜𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗢𝗘𝗧 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗔𝗠𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗢𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗥𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔 No Russian writer has exerted a deeper, wider, or more decisive influence on music than 𝗔𝗹𝗲𝘅𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗲𝘆𝗲𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗣𝘂𝘀𝗵𝗸𝗶𝗻. If 𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗸𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗲 became the…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗟𝗘𝗦𝗛: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗟 𝗙𝗔𝗖𝗘, 𝗕𝗢𝗗𝗬, 𝗩𝗢𝗜𝗖𝗘, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗚𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗘𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦 To imagine 𝗪𝗼𝗹𝗳𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗴 𝗔𝗺𝗮𝗱𝗲𝘂𝘀 𝗠𝗼𝘇𝗮𝗿𝘁 only through the beautiful, polished portraits that posterity has preserved is to risk misunderstanding the…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟳 𝗣𝘂𝗿𝘀𝘂𝗶𝗻𝗴 “𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗦𝘂𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗼𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆” 𝗖𝗮𝗽𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗺𝗲𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝗻 𝗖𝗼̈𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗻, 𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟳–𝟭𝟳𝟮𝟯 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼̈𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗻 𝗬𝗲𝗮𝗿𝘀: 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗹𝘆 𝗣𝗮𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗴𝗲, 𝗜𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗠𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘆, 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗹𝘀, 𝗟𝗼𝘀𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗮𝗻𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡 𝗦𝗔𝗟𝗭𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗚 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟬 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 ════════════════════════════ 𝗜. 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗦 𝗔 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠 𝗢𝗙 𝗘𝗦𝗖𝗔𝗣𝗘 By the time Mozart left Salzburg in 1777, his desire to escape his native city…

𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡, 𝗕𝗬 𝗝. 𝗖𝗨𝗧𝗛𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗗𝗘𝗡 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟭 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔𝗦, 𝗕𝗔𝗥𝗬𝗧𝗢𝗡𝗦, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗧 𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗧𝗔𝗜𝗡𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗦 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗔𝗜𝗟𝗬 𝗟𝗔𝗕𝗢𝗨𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦 𝗔𝗦 𝗗𝗔𝗜𝗟𝗬 𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗩𝗜𝗖𝗘 The life of 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗛𝗮𝘆𝗱𝗻 at 𝗘𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗵𝗮́𝘇𝗮 cannot be understood if one…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟰 𝗕𝘂𝗶𝗹𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗮 𝗥𝗲𝗽𝘂𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗢𝗿𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁 𝗶𝗻 𝗔𝗿𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗱𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝘂̈𝗵𝗹𝗵𝗮𝘂𝘀𝗲𝗻, 𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟯–𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟴 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗩𝗶𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗼𝘀𝗼 𝘁𝗼 𝗣𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻 Between 𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟯 and 𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟴, Johann Sebastian Bach passed…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗟𝗘𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗣𝗦𝗬𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗙𝗜𝗟𝗘 The best documentary basis for this kind of reading is 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘕𝘦𝘸 𝘉𝘢𝘤𝘩 𝘙𝘦𝘢𝘥𝘦𝘳, edited by Hans T. David and Arthur Mendel, revised and enlarged by…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 𝗥𝗨𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗨𝗚𝗛𝗘𝗦 𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗣𝗜𝗡’𝗦 𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗧 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗟𝗘𝗦𝗦 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗦 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗘𝗡𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗡𝗢𝗖𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗡𝗘 After the rupture with 𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗿𝗴𝗲 𝗦𝗮𝗻𝗱, Chopin’s life enters its final and most desolate…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜𝗜 𝗥𝗨𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗨𝗚𝗛𝗘𝗦 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗥𝗔 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 — 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘, 𝗗𝗨𝗧𝗬, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗗𝗘𝗡 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦 In Rupert Hughes’s chapter on 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 and 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗮 𝗪𝗶𝗲𝗰𝗸, Clara may at…

𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗙𝗔𝗡 𝗦𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗚 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗜𝗥𝗗 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗥𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗞𝗔𝗕𝗟𝗘 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗗𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗬 𝗜. 𝗔 𝗡𝗔𝗠𝗘 𝗦𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗘𝗗 𝗕𝗬 𝗛𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗥𝗬 𝗦𝘁𝗲𝗳𝗮𝗻 𝗦𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 was born in 𝗘𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗻 in 𝟭𝟵𝟲𝟰, into one of the most extraordinary conducting families…