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𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗞 𝗢𝗙 𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟲 — 𝗧𝗪𝗢 𝗡𝗔𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗘𝗦 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗯𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗹𝗶𝗿𝗶𝗰 𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗰𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗿 𝗱𝗮𝗿𝗸𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀 (𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟯–𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟰) With Chapter 6, Schubert’s life enters one of its most revealing and painful…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝗜𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗔𝗡𝗧 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔𝗦 𝗜𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗛𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗥𝗬 𝗢𝗙 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗧𝗛𝗔𝗧 𝗜𝗡𝗖𝗟𝗨𝗗𝗘 𝗕𝗔𝗟𝗟𝗘𝗧 Opera and ballet were never fully separate worlds. From the 𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗵 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝗼𝗾𝘂𝗲 era onward, many major operas incorporated dances, ballets, divertissements,…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗕𝗘𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗨𝗗𝗘 𝗗𝗘𝗕𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗬 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗜𝗚𝗢𝗥 𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗩𝗜𝗡𝗦𝗞𝗬 𝗔 𝗗𝗜𝗔𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗨𝗘 𝗕𝗘𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗪𝗢 𝗚𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗢𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗡 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 The relationship between 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘂𝗱𝗲 𝗗𝗲𝗯𝘂𝘀𝘀𝘆 and 𝗜𝗴𝗼𝗿 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗻𝘀𝗸𝘆 was one of the most fascinating artistic encounters of…

𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗨𝗗𝗘 𝗗𝗘𝗕𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗬 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗗𝗜𝗚𝗬 𝗔𝗧 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗩𝗔𝗧𝗢𝗜𝗥𝗘 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗙𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗗𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦 Claude Debussy was born on 𝗔𝘂𝗴𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝟮𝟮, 𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟮, in 𝗦𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘁-𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗶𝗻-𝗲𝗻-𝗟𝗮𝘆𝗲, near Paris. Nothing in his earliest surroundings clearly foretold that he would become one…

𝐄𝐝𝐨𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐋𝐚𝐥𝐨: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐋𝐚𝐭𝐞-𝐁𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐡 𝐂𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐞 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐝 There are composers who conquer early, and there are others whose true stature emerges only after years of obscurity,…

𝐉𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐭: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐨𝐞𝐭 𝐎𝐟 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐡 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞, 𝐒𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐌𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐲 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐌𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐜 There are composers who dominate by monumentality, and others who conquer through something apparently lighter but no less…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟱: 𝗙𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣, 𝗥𝗜𝗩𝗔𝗟𝗥𝗬, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗨𝗘𝗟 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗦𝗢𝗡 (𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟰) Among the decisive encounters of Handel’s youth, few were as fruitful, as tense, or as revealing as his relationship…

𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 - 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗧𝗿𝗶𝗽𝗹𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗼 𝗶𝗻 𝗖 𝗠𝗮𝗷𝗼𝗿, 𝗢𝗽. 𝟱𝟲 - 𝗗𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗱 𝗢𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗸𝗵 / 𝗠𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘃 𝗥𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗵 / 𝗦𝘃𝗶𝗮𝘁𝗼𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘃 𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝘁𝗲𝗿 / 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝘃𝗼𝗻 𝗞𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗷𝗮𝗻 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zt4EvVbzIXg 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 – 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗣𝗟𝗘 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗖𝗘𝗥𝗧𝗢 𝗜𝗡 𝗖 𝗠𝗔𝗝𝗢𝗥, 𝗢𝗣. 𝟱𝟲…

𝗧𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗸𝗼𝘃𝘀𝗸𝘆 𝗶𝘀 𝗯𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗱 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗧𝗶𝗸𝗵𝘃𝗶𝗻 𝗖𝗲𝗺𝗲𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘆, inside the 𝗔𝗹𝗲𝘅𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗡𝗲𝘃𝘀𝗸𝘆 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘆 in 𝗦𝘁. 𝗣𝗲𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗯𝘂𝗿𝗴, 𝗥𝘂𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗮. This cemetery later became famous as the 𝗡𝗲𝗰𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗶𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗠𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗔𝗿𝘁, because many major Russian composers, writers,…

𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝘃𝗼𝗻 𝗞𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗷𝗮𝗻’𝘀 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗿𝗶𝗮𝗴𝗲: 𝗘𝗹𝗺𝘆 𝗛𝗼𝗹𝗴𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗼𝗲𝗳 Elmy Holgerloef was 𝗞𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗷𝗮𝗻’𝘀 𝗳𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝘄𝗶𝗳𝗲 and is generally identified in reliable biographical sources as 𝗮𝗻 𝗼𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗲𝘁𝘁𝗮 𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗿. Karajan married her in 𝗔𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗻 𝗼𝗻 𝟮𝟲 𝗝𝘂𝗹𝘆 𝟭𝟵𝟯𝟴,…

𝗔𝗻𝗲𝗰𝗱𝗼𝘁𝗲𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗔𝗿𝘁𝗵𝘂𝗿 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗻𝗮𝗯𝗲𝗹 (𝗜𝗻𝗰𝗹𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗿𝗲𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽𝘀 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘀) 𝟭. 𝗔 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗥𝗲𝗳𝘂𝘀𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗼 𝗣𝗹𝗮𝘆 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗔𝗽𝗽𝗹𝗮𝘂𝘀𝗲 Even as a boy, Arthur Schnabel astonished his…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗞𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗥𝗘𝗕𝗘𝗟: 𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗚𝗜𝗨 𝗖𝗘𝗟𝗜𝗕𝗜𝗗𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗘’𝗦 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗛𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗔𝗗𝗢𝗟𝗘𝗦𝗖𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘, 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝗧𝗢 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝟮𝟭𝗦𝗧 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥 𝗜. 𝗕𝗜𝗥𝗧𝗛, 𝗙𝗔𝗠𝗜𝗟𝗬, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗 Sergiu Celibidache was born in Roman, Romania, in 1912, into…

𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗛𝗮𝘆𝗱𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗥𝗲𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽𝘀 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗼𝗿𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀: 𝗠𝗼𝘇𝗮𝗿𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻 𝗛𝗮𝘆𝗱𝗻 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗹𝘆 𝗮 𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿 𝗮𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗴 𝗼𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘀. He was, in many respects, the central musical axis around which…

𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘂𝘀𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝘀 𝗦𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗼𝘄𝘀𝗸𝘆 𝗔 𝗿𝗲𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝘁𝗿𝘂𝘀𝘁, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘀𝘁𝘆𝗹𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗶𝗻𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝘀 𝗦𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗼𝘄𝘀𝗸𝘆’s connection with Richard Strauss was not a casual or distant one. It began in Vienna in the formative years…

𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘂𝘀𝘀, German composer, known for his operas, which include 𝗗𝗲𝗿 𝗥𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗻𝗸𝗮𝘃𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗲𝗿 and 𝗦𝗮𝗹𝗼𝗺𝗲; his lieder, especially his 𝗙𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗟𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝗦𝗼𝗻𝗴𝘀; and his tone poems 𝗗𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘀𝗳𝗶𝗴𝘂𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗧𝗶𝗹𝗹 𝗘𝘂𝗹𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗽𝗶𝗲𝗴𝗲𝗹’𝘀 𝗠𝗲𝗿𝗿𝘆 𝗣𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗸𝘀, 𝗔𝗹𝘀𝗼 𝘀𝗽𝗿𝗮𝗰𝗵…

A Soviet delegation led by 𝗦𝗵𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗸𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗵 visited Philadelphia in 1959 for the first recording of 𝗦𝗵𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗸𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗵’𝘀 Cello Concerto No. 1. 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗮𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗽𝗵𝗶𝗮, 𝟭𝟵𝟱𝟵. 𝗘𝘂𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗲 𝗢𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗱𝘆 (left) with 𝗠𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘃 𝗥𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗵 and 𝗦𝗵𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗸𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗵. The other two are…

𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗠𝘂𝗻𝗰𝗵: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗜𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗣𝗼𝗲𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗼𝗱𝗶𝘂𝗺 𝗜. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝗹𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗮𝗻𝘁 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿: 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗼 𝗕𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗻 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗠𝘂𝗻𝗰𝗵 never intended to be a conductor. He began as a violinist—gifted, gentle, and lyrical. In fact,…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗖𝗘𝗟𝗘𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗗 𝗤𝗨𝗢𝗧𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦 The most reliable ones are devotional inscriptions, annotations, or statements preserved through later documentary tradition; many of the best-known Bach aphorisms are modern circulation pieces and should be…

𝐈𝐯𝐚́𝐧 𝐅𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐫: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐕𝐢𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐌𝐚𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐎𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐬 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐈𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 There are conductors who impose order, and there are others who seem to reinvent what an orchestra can be. 𝐈𝐯𝐚́𝐧 𝐅𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐫 belongs…

𝐒𝐢𝐫 𝐀𝐝𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐁𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐭: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐆𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐌𝐚𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐆𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐄𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐈𝐭𝐬 𝐎𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐕𝐨𝐢𝐜𝐞 There are conductors who dazzle through theatrical charisma, and there are others whose greatness lies in something quieter but no less durable:…

𝐄𝐮𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐲 𝐌𝐫𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐤𝐲: 𝐅𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐀𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐜𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐂𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐈𝐫𝐨𝐧 𝐌𝐚𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨 𝐁𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐡, 𝐅𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐥𝐲 𝐁𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐠𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐝𝐡𝐨𝐨𝐝 Yevgeny Aleksandrovich Mravinsky was born in Saint Petersburg on 4 June 1903, into a family of aristocratic and artistic background. He…

𝐌𝐈𝐑𝐄𝐋𝐋𝐀 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐈 (𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟓–𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟎) - 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐕𝐎𝐈𝐂𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐑𝐔𝐓𝐇 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐀 𝐁𝐀𝐊𝐄𝐑’𝐒 𝐃𝐀𝐔𝐆𝐇𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝐈𝐍 𝐌𝐎𝐃𝐄𝐍𝐀 𝐓𝐎 𝐎𝐍𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐀𝐓𝐄𝐒𝐓 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐀 𝐒𝐎𝐏𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐎𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝐓𝐇 𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐘 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐈𝐍 𝐌𝐎𝐃𝐄𝐍𝐀 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐄𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐎𝐅 𝐀…

# **Bruce Haynes’s *****The End of Early Music: A Period Performer’s History of Music for the Twenty-First Century*** Bruce Haynes’s ***The End of Early Music: A Period Performer’s History of Music for the Twenty-First…

𝗪𝗔𝗟𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗥𝗬: 𝗔𝗡𝗘𝗖𝗗𝗢𝗧𝗘𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗖𝗨𝗥𝗜𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗘𝗦 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗘 𝗕𝗔𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗢𝗡𝗘 𝗘𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮 (1930–1950) 𝗪𝗮𝗹𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗿𝘆 (1930–2000) was born in Vienna on 8 April 1930, a city whose operatic traditions…