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𝗧𝗢𝗟𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗬 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗗, 𝗙𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗘𝗗, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗝𝗨𝗗𝗚𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗢𝗪𝗘𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗦𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗗 Few great writers had a relationship with music as fascinating, contradictory, and morally charged as 𝗟𝗲𝗼 𝗧𝗼𝗹𝘀𝘁𝗼𝘆. He was not…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗟𝗘𝗦𝗛: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗟 𝗙𝗔𝗖𝗘, 𝗕𝗢𝗗𝗬, 𝗩𝗢𝗜𝗖𝗘, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗚𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗘𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦 To imagine 𝗪𝗼𝗹𝗳𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗴 𝗔𝗺𝗮𝗱𝗲𝘂𝘀 𝗠𝗼𝘇𝗮𝗿𝘁 only through the beautiful, polished portraits that posterity has preserved is to risk misunderstanding the…

𝗡𝗶𝗸𝗼𝗹𝗮𝗶 𝗥𝗶𝗺𝘀𝗸𝘆-𝗞𝗼𝗿𝘀𝗮𝗸𝗼𝘃 — 𝗔 𝗕𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗳 𝗕𝗶𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗽𝗵𝘆 𝗡𝗶𝗸𝗼𝗹𝗮𝗶 𝗔𝗻𝗱𝗿𝗲𝘆𝗲𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗥𝗶𝗺𝘀𝗸𝘆-𝗞𝗼𝗿𝘀𝗮𝗸𝗼𝘃 was born on 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟴, 𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟰, in Tikhvin, Russia, and died on 𝗝𝘂𝗻𝗲 𝟮𝟭, 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟴, near Saint Petersburg. He was one of the central figures…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟰 𝗕𝘂𝗶𝗹𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗮 𝗥𝗲𝗽𝘂𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗢𝗿𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁 𝗶𝗻 𝗔𝗿𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗱𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝘂̈𝗵𝗹𝗵𝗮𝘂𝘀𝗲𝗻, 𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟯–𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟴 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗩𝗶𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗼𝘀𝗼 𝘁𝗼 𝗣𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻 Between 𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟯 and 𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟴, Johann Sebastian Bach passed…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 𝗥𝗨𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗨𝗚𝗛𝗘𝗦 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗡𝗢𝗖𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗣𝗜𝗡 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘, 𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗚𝗜𝗟𝗜𝗧𝗬, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗘𝗫𝗜𝗟𝗘 After the bright domestic felicities of Mendelssohn, Rupert Hughes turns toward a darker, more delicate,…

𝗢𝗙𝗙𝗘𝗡𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛, 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗔𝗚𝗘𝗗 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗨𝗦𝗦 𝗜𝗜 𝗧𝗢 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗘 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗧𝗧𝗔𝗦 𝗝𝗔𝗖𝗤𝗨𝗘𝗦 𝗢𝗙𝗙𝗘𝗡𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗨𝗦𝗦 𝗜𝗜: 𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗜𝗦, 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗔, 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗧𝗧𝗔, 𝗪𝗔𝗟𝗧𝗭, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗜𝗥𝗧𝗛 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗢𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗡 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗧𝗔𝗜𝗡𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗝𝗮𝗰𝗾𝘂𝗲𝘀 𝗢𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗻𝗯𝗮𝗰𝗵, born Jacob Offenbach in…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 𝗥𝗨𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗨𝗚𝗛𝗘𝗦 𝗚𝗟𝗨𝗖𝗞 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗥𝗘𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗘𝗥 𝗔𝗧 𝗛𝗢𝗠𝗘 Christoph Willibald Gluck enters Rupert Hughes’s chapter as a striking contrast: in public he was 𝘁𝗵𝗲…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 𝗥𝗨𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗨𝗚𝗛𝗘𝗦 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝟭. 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗘 — 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 𝗔𝗦 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦 An introductory post on Hughes’s central idea: that the emotional lives of musicians…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜𝗜 𝗥𝗨𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗨𝗚𝗛𝗘𝗦 𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 — 𝗦𝗢𝗡𝗚, 𝗟𝗢𝗡𝗘𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗦, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗔𝗧 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗔𝗠𝗘 𝗣𝗔𝗜𝗡 Within the miscellaneous abundance of Rupert Hughes’s 𝗢𝗺𝗻𝗶𝗯𝘂𝘀 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿, one figure rises…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜𝗜 𝗥𝗨𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗨𝗚𝗛𝗘𝗦 𝗧𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗜𝗞𝗢𝗩𝗦𝗞𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗪𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗡-𝗗𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗗𝗘𝗥 After 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗲𝗿, whose music transformed desire into one of the supreme artistic languages of the nineteenth century while his…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜𝗜 𝗥𝗨𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗨𝗚𝗛𝗘𝗦 𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗪𝗔𝗚𝗡𝗘𝗥 — 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗜𝗡 𝗔𝗥𝗧, 𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗘𝗥 𝗜𝗡 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 After the dazzling and restless world of 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁, Rupert Hughes turns to a…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜𝗜 𝗥𝗨𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗨𝗚𝗛𝗘𝗦 𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗟𝗜𝗦𝗧 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗦𝗧 𝗔𝗦 𝗟𝗘𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗗, 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗥, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗦𝗣𝗜𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗨𝗔𝗟 𝗪𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗥 Rupert Hughes begins the second volume of 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗼𝘃𝗲 𝗔𝗳𝗳𝗮𝗶𝗿𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁…

𝗚𝗨𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗩𝗢 𝗗𝗨𝗗𝗔𝗠𝗘𝗟 — 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 Gustavo Dudamel is one of the most visible conductors of the twenty-first century: a Venezuelan musician formed by 𝗘𝗹 𝗦𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗮, projected internationally while still very young, and later placed…

𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗨𝗦𝗦, 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗙𝗔𝗠𝗜𝗟𝗬, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗔𝗧𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗝𝗘𝗪𝗜𝗦𝗛 𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗥𝗘𝗡 Strictly speaking, 𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘂𝘀𝘀 𝗱𝗶𝗱 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝗵𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗮 𝗱𝗮𝘂𝗴𝗵𝘁𝗲𝗿. He had one son, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗔𝗹𝗲𝘅𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘂𝘀𝘀, born in 1897, from his marriage to…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗨𝗘 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗡𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 “𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗦𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲” 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟭.𝟯 — 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗜𝗺𝗮𝗴𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 The image of Johann Sebastian Bach that emerges from…

𝗣𝗜𝗘𝗥𝗥𝗘 𝗕𝗘𝗔𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗜𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗣𝗶𝗲𝗿𝗿𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗮𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝘀 — 𝟭𝟳𝟯𝟮–𝟭𝟳𝟵𝟵 𝗣𝗶𝗲𝗿𝗿𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗮𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝘀 is one of the French writers who most profoundly influenced the history of classical music, above all because he created…

𝗠𝗜𝗚𝗨𝗘𝗟 𝗗𝗘 𝗖𝗘𝗥𝗩𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗦, 𝗗𝗢𝗡 𝗤𝗨𝗜𝗫𝗢𝗧𝗘, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗜𝗥 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗠𝗶𝗴𝘂𝗲𝗹 𝗱𝗲 𝗖𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗲𝘀 — 𝟭𝟱𝟰𝟳–𝟭𝟲𝟭𝟲 𝗠𝗶𝗴𝘂𝗲𝗹 𝗱𝗲 𝗖𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗲𝘀, the author of 𝗗𝗼𝗻 𝗤𝘂𝗶𝘅𝗼𝘁𝗲, occupies a unique place in the history of literature and…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗚𝗔𝗡𝗚 𝗩𝗢𝗡 𝗚𝗢𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗪𝗼𝗹𝗳𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗴 𝘃𝗼𝗻 𝗚𝗼𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗲 — 𝟭𝟳𝟰𝟵–𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟮 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗪𝗼𝗹𝗳𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗴 𝘃𝗼𝗻 𝗚𝗼𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗲 was perhaps the most important German literary figure for classical music. His poetry, dramas,…

𝗘. 𝗧. 𝗔. 𝗛𝗢𝗙𝗙𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗘. 𝗧. 𝗔. 𝗛𝗼𝗳𝗳𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 — 𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟲–𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟮 𝗘. 𝗧. 𝗔. 𝗛𝗼𝗳𝗳𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 was one of the most extraordinary figures in German Romantic culture: writer, composer, music…

𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗗 𝗕𝗬𝗥𝗢𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗟𝗼𝗿𝗱 𝗕𝘆𝗿𝗼𝗻, born George Gordon Byron in London on 22 January 1788 and dead at Missolonghi, Greece, on 19 April 1824, was one of the most…

𝗘𝗗𝗚𝗔𝗥 𝗔𝗟𝗟𝗔𝗡 𝗣𝗢𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗘𝗱𝗴𝗮𝗿 𝗔𝗹𝗹𝗮𝗻 𝗣𝗼𝗲, born in Boston on 19 January 1809 and dead in Baltimore on 7 October 1849, was not a musician in the professional…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦— 𝗔𝗟𝗘𝗦𝗦𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗥𝗢 𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗗𝗘𝗟𝗟𝗔: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗘𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗣𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗢𝗡, 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗜𝗔, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗔𝗡𝗚𝗘𝗥𝗢𝗨𝗦 𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗥𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗕𝗔𝗥𝗢𝗤𝗨𝗘 𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗔𝗹𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗿𝗼 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗮 is one of the most theatrical figures in the…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦— 𝗔𝗟𝗘𝗦𝗦𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗥𝗢 𝗦𝗖𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗧𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗘𝗠𝗡 𝗙𝗔𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗡𝗘𝗔𝗣𝗢𝗟𝗜𝗧𝗔𝗡 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗬 𝗢𝗙 𝗗𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗖𝗢 𝗦𝗖𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗧𝗜 𝗔𝗹𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗿𝗼 𝗦𝗰𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗶 occupies a commanding but strangely shadowed place in the history of music.…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗝𝗘𝗔𝗡-𝗣𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗜𝗣𝗣𝗘 𝗥𝗔𝗠𝗘𝗔𝗨: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗜𝗟𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗠𝗢𝗡𝗬, 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗗𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗤𝗨𝗜𝗘𝗧 𝗝𝗲𝗮𝗻-𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗽𝗽𝗲 𝗥𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗮𝘂 belongs to that rare class of composers whose genius seems divided between two opposite…