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**𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - Chapter 9 — Breaking** **1) Salzburg Stagnation and the Weight of Dependence** After Munich, **Mozart returned to Salzburg still without a meaningful future**. He had no major post beyond…

𝐄𝐥𝐢𝐳𝐚𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐡 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐳𝐤𝐨𝐩𝐟 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐖𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐠𝐞: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐀𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 Elizabeth Schwarzkopf and Walter Legge formed one of the most influential, complex, and frequently debated personal and artistic partnerships in the…

𝐇𝐄𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑 𝐁𝐄𝐑𝐋𝐈𝐎𝐙 (𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟑–𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟗): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Hector Berlioz (1803–1869) was one of the most radical and controversial composers of the nineteenth century. His life combined artistic genius, emotional…

𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐃𝐄́𝐑𝐈𝐂 𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐏𝐈𝐍 (𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟎–𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟗): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Frédéric Chopin (1810–1849) is often imagined as the supreme poet of the piano: aristocratic, fragile, refined, inward, and almost detached from the…

𝐉𝐄𝐀𝐍 𝐒𝐈𝐁𝐄𝐋𝐈𝐔𝐒 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟓–𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟕): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Jean Sibelius (1865–1957) is often remembered as the austere and noble musical voice of Finland: the composer of Finlandia, the seven symphonies,…

𝐂𝐀𝐑𝐋 𝐍𝐈𝐄𝐋𝐒𝐄𝐍 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟓–𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟏): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Carl Nielsen (1865–1931) is often presented as one of the strongest and healthiest figures in Scandinavian music: the great Danish symphonist, a…

𝐉𝐎𝐍 𝐕𝐈𝐂𝐊𝐄𝐑𝐒 (𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟔–𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟓) - 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐈𝐄𝐑𝐂𝐄 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐏𝐇𝐄𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐀 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐃𝐑𝐀𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐂 𝐓𝐄𝐍𝐎𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐒𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐄𝐃 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐀 𝐈𝐍𝐓𝐎 𝐀 𝐌𝐎𝐑𝐀𝐋 𝐃𝐑𝐀𝐌𝐀 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐈𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐀𝐍𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐏𝐑𝐀𝐈𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐒 — 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟔 𝐉𝐨𝐧 𝐕𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐫𝐬 (𝟐𝟗 𝐎𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟔 –…

𝐖𝐎𝐋𝐅𝐆𝐀𝐍𝐆 𝐀𝐌𝐀𝐃𝐄𝐔𝐒 𝐌𝐎𝐙𝐀𝐑𝐓: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is often imagined as the miraculous child of music, the smiling genius of effortless perfection, the embodiment of grace,…

𝐉𝐎𝐇𝐀𝐍𝐍𝐄𝐒 𝐁𝐑𝐀𝐇𝐌𝐒: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Johannes Brahms is often remembered as the great embodiment of musical seriousness, structural mastery, emotional reserve, and artistic integrity: the bearded classicist of…

𝐏𝐘𝐎𝐓𝐑 𝐈𝐋𝐘𝐈𝐂𝐇 𝐓𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐈𝐊𝐎𝐕𝐒𝐊𝐘: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky remains one of the most beloved and emotionally immediate composers in all music history. His works seem to speak…

𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐙 𝐉𝐎𝐒𝐄𝐏𝐇 𝐇𝐀𝐘𝐃𝐍: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Franz Joseph Haydn is often remembered as one of the most balanced, benevolent, and stable figures in music history: the kindly “Father…

𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧 - 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐲 𝐍𝐨.𝟑 “𝐄𝐫𝐨𝐢𝐜𝐚” - 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐦 𝐅𝐮𝐫𝐭𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞𝐫 - 𝐖𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐤𝐞𝐫 - 𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟒 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbHD189DAp0&t=234s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbxD-_yNIKw (Good Sound) The 1944 Vienna performance of Beethoven’s Third Symphony conducted by Wilhelm Furtwangler with the Wiener Philharmoniker is…

𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧 - 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐲 𝐍𝐨.𝟑 - 𝐀𝐮𝐝𝐢𝐨 𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 in Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/collection/2053627 𝐁𝐄𝐄𝐓𝐇𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐍’𝐒 𝐓𝐇𝐈𝐑𝐃 𝐒𝐘𝐌𝐏𝐇𝐎𝐍𝐘, “𝐄𝐑𝐎𝐈𝐂𝐀”: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐇𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐎𝐅 𝐈𝐓𝐒 𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 Beethoven’s Third Symphony in E-flat major, Op. 55, universally known as the “Eroica”, stands at…

𝐆𝐔𝐍𝐃𝐔𝐋𝐀 𝐉𝐀𝐍𝐎𝐖𝐈𝐓𝐙: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐈𝐋𝐕𝐄𝐑-𝐆𝐎𝐋𝐃 𝐕𝐎𝐈𝐂𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐌𝐎𝐙𝐀𝐑𝐓, 𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐔𝐒𝐒, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐏𝐔𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐓 𝐋𝐘𝐑𝐈𝐂 𝐈𝐃𝐄𝐀𝐋 𝐎𝐅 𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐓𝐖𝐀𝐑 𝐄𝐔𝐑𝐎𝐏𝐄 Gundula Janowitz belongs to that very rare group of sopranos whose voices seem to exist almost beyond ordinary…

𝐖𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐖𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐞𝐫: 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫, 𝐒𝐚𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐞, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐑𝐞𝐝𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 Wagner’s female characters are among the most compelling in nineteenth-century opera. Isolde, Brünnhilde, Elisabeth, Senta, Kundry and others possess immense dramatic force, psychological intensity, and symbolic importance.…

𝐆𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐯 𝐌𝐚𝐡𝐥𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟕: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐘𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐇𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐝 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐕𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐧𝐚’𝐬 𝐂𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞 𝐀 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐚𝐦𝐛𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐟𝐚𝐭𝐞 For Gustav Mahler, 1897 was not merely another year in a successful conducting career. It was…

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐮𝐥𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐆𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐮𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐖𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐞𝐫’𝐬 𝐒𝐞𝐥𝐟-𝐌𝐲𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲 Wagner did not merely compose works of unusual scale and ambition; he also created an image of himself as a uniquely prophetic artist. He fashioned himself as…

𝐉𝐄𝐀𝐍 𝐒𝐈𝐁𝐄𝐋𝐈𝐔𝐒 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟓–𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟕) 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐍𝐎𝐑𝐃𝐈𝐂 𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐔𝐒 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐍𝐄𝐃 𝐅𝐈𝐍𝐍𝐈𝐒𝐇 𝐍𝐀𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐄 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐌𝐘𝐓𝐇 𝐈𝐍𝐓𝐎 𝐎𝐑𝐂𝐇𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐋 𝐈𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐑𝐓𝐀𝐋𝐈𝐓𝐘 𝐅𝐀𝐌𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐎𝐑𝐈𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐒 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐀𝐌𝐄𝐄𝐍𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐍𝐀 𝐉𝐨𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝐉𝐮𝐥𝐢𝐮𝐬 𝐂𝐡𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐧 “𝐉𝐞𝐚𝐧” 𝐒𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐮𝐬 was born on 𝟖 𝐃𝐞𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟓 in the…

**𝐀 𝐑𝐈𝐆𝐎𝐑𝐎𝐔𝐒 𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐕𝐄 𝐀𝐍𝐀𝐋𝐘𝐒𝐈𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐄 𝐌𝐀𝐉𝐎𝐑 𝐁𝐎𝐎𝐊𝐒 𝐎𝐍 𝐁𝐀𝐑𝐎𝐐𝐔𝐄 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂, 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎–𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎** To compare these nine books properly, one must begin by recognizing that they do **not** all aim to do the same thing.…

# **Robert Donington’s *****Baroque Music: Style and Performance*****, ** Robert Donington’s ***Baroque Music: Style and Performance***, subtitled ***A Handbook***, was published in **1982**. The bibliographical record shows two closely related editions that year: a…

# **Richard Taruskin’s *****Music in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries***** ** Richard Taruskin’s ***Music in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries*** was published by **Oxford University Press in 2010** as part of his monumental ***The…

**𝐊𝐀𝐑𝐋 𝐄𝐋𝐈𝐀𝐒𝐁𝐄𝐑𝐆 (1907–1978): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐆𝐀𝐕𝐄 𝐋𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐆𝐑𝐀𝐃 𝐈𝐓𝐒 𝐕𝐎𝐈𝐂𝐄** Karl Ilyich Eliasberg was born in **Minsk on 10 June 1907** and died in **Leningrad on 12 February 1978**. In the broad history of…

𝐊𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐣𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐇𝐢𝐬 𝐃𝐨𝐠 — 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐢𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐭, 𝐏𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐌𝐚𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨 The image of 𝐇𝐞𝐫𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐭 𝐯𝐨𝐧 𝐊𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐣𝐚𝐧 seated quietly beside his dog is deeply revealing because it shows a side of him that…

𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐍𝐈𝐆𝐇𝐓 𝐓𝐇𝐀𝐓 𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐍𝐆𝐄𝐃 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐀 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐄𝐕𝐄𝐑 𝐓𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐈𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐝𝐞, 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟓 — 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐮𝐦𝐩𝐡, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐛𝐲𝐬𝐬, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐟𝐢𝐫𝐬𝐭 𝐥𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐋𝐮𝐝𝐰𝐢𝐠 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐫 𝐯𝐨𝐧 𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐥𝐬𝐟𝐞𝐥𝐝 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐟𝐞 𝐌𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐚 were not…