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**𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - **𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟵 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥 𝗟𝗘𝗢𝗣𝗢𝗟𝗗 𝗜𝗡 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗔: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗔𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗥 𝗙𝗔𝗖𝗘𝗦 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗢𝗡’𝗦 𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗨𝗠𝗣𝗛 In February 1785, 𝗟𝗲𝗼𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗱 𝗠𝗼𝘇𝗮𝗿𝘁 came to Vienna and found, not the impulsive rebel…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗜𝗥𝗧𝗛 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗢𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗢𝗥𝗜𝗢: 𝗛𝗢𝗪 𝗔 𝗦𝗔𝗖𝗥𝗘𝗗 𝗗𝗥𝗔𝗠𝗔 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗔𝗠𝗘 𝗢𝗡𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗦 𝗜𝗡 𝗛𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗥𝗬 The history of the 𝗼𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗼 is one of the most fascinating in all music,…

𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣𝗦 𝗕𝗘𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗦 - 𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜 — 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗕𝗔𝗥𝗢𝗤𝗨𝗘 𝗧𝗢 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 What follows is the first developed section of this large historical panorama: a series of relationships, encounters,…

𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣𝗦 𝗕𝗘𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗦 - 𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗩 — 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗧𝗢 𝗠𝗔𝗛𝗟𝗘𝗥 In this fourth section, the musical world becomes even more self-divided, emotionally charged, and historically conscious. The age from…

𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣𝗦 𝗕𝗘𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗦 - 𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗜𝗜 — 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗧𝗢 𝗪𝗔𝗚𝗡𝗘𝗥 In this third stage, the Classical inheritance begins to dissolve into a much more personal, unstable, and visionary world.…

𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣𝗦 𝗕𝗘𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗦 - 𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗜 — 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗚𝗟𝗨𝗖𝗞 𝗧𝗢 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 In this second great historical block, the center of gravity shifts from the mature Baroque world toward the age…

𝐋𝐞́𝐨 𝐃𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐬: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐎𝐟 𝐁𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐞, 𝐌𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐝𝐲, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐫 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐄𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐌𝐚𝐠𝐢𝐜 There are composers who change music through force, others through philosophy, and others through sheer theatrical instinct.…

𝐂𝐥𝐚𝐮𝐝𝐞 𝐌𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐭: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐲𝐞 𝐎𝐟 𝐋𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞, 𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐫 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐀 𝐍𝐞𝐰 𝐖𝐚𝐲 𝐎𝐟 𝐒𝐞𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐠 - 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗘𝗻𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗼𝗿𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘀 There are painters who refine inherited forms, and there are…

𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘂𝗱𝗲 𝗗𝗲𝗯𝘂𝘀𝘀𝘆, 𝗣𝗿𝗲́𝗹𝘂𝗱𝗲 𝗮̀ 𝗹'𝗔𝗽𝗿𝗲̀𝘀-𝗺𝗶𝗱𝗶 𝗱'𝘂𝗻 𝗳𝗮𝘂𝗻𝗲 - 𝗧𝗶𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗵𝘆 𝗛𝘂𝘁𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝘀 · 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗲 𝘀𝘆𝗺𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗾𝘂𝗲 𝗱𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗲́𝗮𝗹 · 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗗𝘂𝘁𝗼𝗶𝘁 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bYyK922PsUw 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗨𝗗𝗘 𝗗𝗘𝗕𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗬, 𝗣𝗥𝗘́𝗟𝗨𝗗𝗘 𝗔̀ 𝗟'𝗔𝗣𝗥𝗘̀𝗦-𝗠𝗜𝗗𝗜 𝗗'𝗨𝗡 𝗙𝗔𝗨𝗡𝗘 𝗔 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗞 𝗧𝗛𝗔𝗧 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗚𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗜𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖…

𝗗𝗲𝗯𝘂𝘀𝘀𝘆 - 𝗟𝗲 𝗠𝗲𝗿 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗲 𝗡𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗲 𝗟’𝗢.𝗥.𝗧.𝗙.- 𝗝𝗲𝗮𝗻 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗼𝗻 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ocwzBaYWVG8 𝗗𝗘𝗕𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗬: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗢𝗖𝗘𝗔𝗡 𝗔𝗦 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗘𝗔 𝗔𝗦 𝗠𝗘𝗠𝗢𝗥𝗬, 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗕𝗢𝗟, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗜𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗥 𝗟𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗦𝗖𝗔𝗣𝗘 For Claude Debussy, the sea was never merely a stretch…

𝗗𝗘𝗕𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗬: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗞 𝗢𝗙 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗚𝗡𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 – 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗥𝗜𝗫 𝗗𝗘 𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗘 (𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟰) 𝗔 𝗬𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗚 𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝗔𝗧 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗛𝗢𝗟𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗙𝗔𝗠𝗘 By 1884, Claude Debussy was no longer merely a gifted Conservatoire student showing flashes of…

𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗨𝗗𝗘 𝗗𝗘𝗕𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗬 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗗𝗜𝗚𝗬 𝗔𝗧 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗩𝗔𝗧𝗢𝗜𝗥𝗘 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗙𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗗𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦 Claude Debussy was born on 𝗔𝘂𝗴𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝟮𝟮, 𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟮, in 𝗦𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘁-𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗶𝗻-𝗲𝗻-𝗟𝗮𝘆𝗲, near Paris. Nothing in his earliest surroundings clearly foretold that he would become one…

𝗗𝗘𝗕𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗬: 𝗔 𝗕𝗢𝗗𝗬 𝗪𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗬, 𝗔 𝗦𝗣𝗜𝗥𝗜𝗧 𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗟𝗟 𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗟𝗢𝗪 𝗔𝗣𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗔𝗖𝗛 𝗢𝗙 𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗦 By the last decade of his life, Claude Debussy was already a figure of immense artistic authority, yet inwardly his world…

𝗘𝗜𝗙𝗙𝗘𝗟 𝗧𝗢𝗪𝗘𝗥 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟳–𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟵 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r65KAj2sB0U https://www.youtube.com/shorts/d0i4XG2KgOQ 𝗔 𝗠𝗢𝗡𝗨𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗕𝗢𝗥𝗡 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗕𝗢𝗟𝗗𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗦, 𝗖𝗔𝗟𝗖𝗨𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗜𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗔𝗟 𝗗𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗠𝗜𝗡𝗚 When people look at the Eiffel Tower today, they usually see a finished icon: elegant, instantly recognizable, almost inevitable,…

𝗔 𝗧𝗿𝗶𝗮𝗱 𝗼𝗳 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗧𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗻𝘀: 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹𝘀𝘀𝗼𝗵𝗻, 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗼𝘇 𝗶𝗻 𝗟𝗲𝗶𝗽𝘇𝗶𝗴, 𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟯–𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟰 𝗜. 𝗟𝗲𝗶𝗽𝘇𝗶𝗴 𝗮𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗵𝗲𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗶𝘁𝘀 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗽𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗴𝗲 In the early 1840s, 𝗟𝗲𝗶𝗽𝘇𝗶𝗴 was one of the great musical capitals of…

𝐎𝐥𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐫 𝐌𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐚𝐞𝐧: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐎𝐟 𝐒𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐅𝐚𝐢𝐭𝐡, 𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐫, 𝐁𝐢𝐫𝐝𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐠, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐄𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜 There are composers who expand musical language, and there are rarer figures who seem to create an entire spiritual…

𝐃𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐥-𝐅𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐜̧𝐨𝐢𝐬-𝐄𝐬𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐭 𝐀𝐮𝐛𝐞𝐫: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐎𝐟 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐡 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚-𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐞 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐄𝐥𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞, 𝐖𝐢𝐭, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐒𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐥𝐞 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐝 There are composers who overwhelm by metaphysical depth, others by orchestral enormity, and others by tragic force. Then…

𝐄𝐝𝐨𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐋𝐚𝐥𝐨: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐋𝐚𝐭𝐞-𝐁𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐡 𝐂𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐞 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐝 There are composers who conquer early, and there are others whose true stature emerges only after years of obscurity,…

𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐆𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐨𝐝: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭 𝐎𝐟 𝐒𝐨𝐮𝐥, 𝐋𝐨𝐯𝐞, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐡 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐆𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚 𝐈𝐭𝐬 𝐅𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐈𝐭𝐬 𝐉𝐮𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐭 There are composers who astonish by formal innovation, others by orchestral daring, and others by the…

𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗚𝗜𝗖 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗦 𝗜𝗡 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗕𝗿𝗼𝗸𝗲𝗻 𝗵𝗲𝗮𝗿𝘁𝘀, 𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗯𝗶𝗱𝗱𝗲𝗻 𝗹𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝗺𝗮𝗱𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀, 𝗱𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵, 𝗯𝗲𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘆𝗮𝗹, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗲𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝘄𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗳𝗲𝗱 𝘀𝗼𝗺𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝘄𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻. Classical music is often spoken of as though…

𝐇𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐁𝐞𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐨𝐳: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐞𝐭 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐎𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐞, 𝐎𝐛𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐃𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐀 𝐍𝐞𝐰 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐞 There are composers who refine an existing language, and there are others who seem to arrive almost…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟲: 𝗔𝗟𝗠𝗜𝗥𝗔 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗦𝗧 𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗨𝗠𝗣𝗛 (𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟱) If the duel with Mattheson marked the violent end of one phase of Handel’s youth, 𝗔𝗹𝗺𝗶𝗿𝗮 marked the beginning of another:…

𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 - 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗻𝗯𝘂𝗿𝗴 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗼𝘀 - 𝗞𝗼𝗻𝗿𝗮𝗱 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗿 https://www.patreon.com/posts/bach-brandenburg-155293360?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗵𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵’𝘀 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗻𝗯𝘂𝗿𝗴 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗼𝘀 is one of the great stories in Baroque music, because these six works stand at the meeting…

𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗢𝗡𝗜𝗡 𝗗𝗩𝗢𝗥𝗔𝗞: 𝟭𝟬 𝗘𝗦𝗦𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗟 𝗔𝗡𝗘𝗖𝗗𝗢𝗧𝗘𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗖𝗨𝗥𝗜𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗘𝗦 Antonin Dvorak is often presented as a genial national composer, a master of melody, and the author of some of the most beloved orchestral music ever written.…