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𝗧𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗸𝗼𝘃𝘀𝗸𝘆 𝗶𝗻 𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟰 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟱 By 1864, Tchaikovsky was fully immersed in his studies at the St. Petersburg Conservatory, where 𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗱 𝗶𝗻 𝗮 𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗼𝗿𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗪𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻 𝗮𝗰𝗮𝗱𝗲𝗺𝗶𝗰 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 under Anton Rubinstein. Unlike many…

𝗔𝗹𝗲𝘅𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗻 (𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟯–𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟳) was 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗮𝗿𝗸𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗳𝗶𝗴𝘂𝗿𝗲𝘀 in 𝟭𝟵𝘁𝗵-𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘂𝗿𝘆 𝗥𝘂𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗰𝘂𝗹𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲, combining 𝗮 𝗱𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗶𝘀𝗵𝗲𝗱 𝘀𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗳𝗶𝗰 𝗰𝗮𝗿𝗲𝗲𝗿 with 𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀 as 𝗮 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿. Trained as 𝗮 𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗺𝗶𝘀𝘁 and 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗳𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗼𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝗺𝗲𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗻𝗲 in…

𝗠𝗶𝗹𝘆 𝗕𝗮𝗹𝗮𝗸𝗶𝗿𝗲𝘃 (𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟳–𝟭𝟵𝟭𝟬) was 𝗮 𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗳𝗶𝗴𝘂𝗿𝗲 in the rise of 𝗥𝘂𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘀𝗺 in the nineteenth century. 𝗟𝗮𝗿𝗴𝗲𝗹𝘆 𝘀𝗲𝗹𝗳-𝘁𝗮𝘂𝗴𝗵𝘁, he became 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗱𝗿𝗶𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗰𝗲 behind 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁𝘆 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗳𝘂𝗹, or 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝘃𝗲, mentoring composers…

𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗜𝗴𝗻𝗮𝘇 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗕𝗶𝗯𝗲𝗿: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻 𝗩𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗦𝗮𝗹𝘇𝗯𝘂𝗿𝗴 𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗜𝗴𝗻𝗮𝘇 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗕𝗶𝗯𝗲𝗿 (1644–1704) was one of the most imaginative and influential composers of the Baroque era, and 𝗮𝗯𝗼𝘃𝗲 𝗮𝗹𝗹 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁…

𝐀𝐥𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫 𝐁𝐨𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐧: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐡𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐭-𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐖𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐞 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜 𝐀𝐬 𝐈𝐟 𝐑𝐮𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐚 𝐖𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐃𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐠 There are composers whose lives seem wholly given over to music, and there are others whose greatness becomes even more astonishing because…

𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗗𝗜 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗢𝗪𝗡 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔𝗦 — 𝗪𝗛𝗜𝗖𝗛 𝗢𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗗𝗜𝗗 𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗔𝗟𝗨𝗘 𝗠𝗢𝗦𝗧? The safest answer is that 𝗩𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗶 𝗱𝗶𝗱 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝗹𝗲𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗮 𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗲, 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲, 𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲-𝗮𝗻𝗱-𝗳𝗼𝗿-𝗮𝗹𝗹 “𝗳𝗮𝘃𝗼𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗲 𝗼𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮.” His preferences changed across his career, and…

𝗪𝗜𝗟𝗛𝗘𝗟𝗠 𝗙𝗨𝗥𝗧𝗪Ä𝗡𝗚𝗟𝗘𝗥 — 𝟮𝟬 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗠𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝗖𝗘𝗟𝗘𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗗 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗜𝗔𝗕𝗟𝗬 𝗗𝗢𝗖𝗨𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗗 𝗤𝗨𝗢𝗧𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦 The list below is built mainly from documented translations of his own essays, colloquia, and Beethoven writings, as cited in a…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗦𝗧 𝗔𝗟𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗗 𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗢𝗧 - 𝗟𝗔𝗨𝗦𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘 - 𝟭𝟵𝟰𝟴 Alfred Cortot revered Richard Wagner, whose music had captivated him since adolescence. He worked as choral assistant to Hans Richter in Bayreuth and participated in Wagnerian…

𝗧𝗢𝗗𝗔𝗬 𝗜 𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗡 𝟲𝟰 — 𝗔 𝗠𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗘 Today I celebrate my 64th birthday, and I would like to share this moment with all of you. It is also a special milestone because…

𝐉𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢 𝐒𝐚𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐥: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐚𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐞𝐝 𝐋𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐂𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐳𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐖𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐀 𝐕𝐢𝐨𝐥𝐚 𝐃𝐚 𝐆𝐚𝐦𝐛𝐚 𝐈𝐧 𝐇𝐢𝐬 𝐇𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐬 There are musicians who perform great repertory, and there are others who seem to widen the very map…

𝐑𝐢𝐜𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐝𝐨 𝐌𝐮𝐭𝐢: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐚𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐌𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚 𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐚𝐤 𝐖𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐌𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 There are conductors whose careers are defined by prestige, and there are others whose greatness comes from a…

𝐉𝐎𝐍 𝐕𝐈𝐂𝐊𝐄𝐑𝐒 (𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟔–𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟓) - 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐈𝐄𝐑𝐂𝐄 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐏𝐇𝐄𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐀 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐃𝐑𝐀𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐂 𝐓𝐄𝐍𝐎𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐒𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐄𝐃 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐀 𝐈𝐍𝐓𝐎 𝐀 𝐌𝐎𝐑𝐀𝐋 𝐃𝐑𝐀𝐌𝐀 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐈𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐀𝐍𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐏𝐑𝐀𝐈𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐒 — 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟔 𝐉𝐨𝐧 𝐕𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐫𝐬 (𝟐𝟗 𝐎𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟔 –…

𝐓𝐈𝐌𝐄𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐂𝐋𝐀𝐒𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂 Here are our own Composer Timelines for the following music periods: 𝐌𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐥 𝐨𝐫 𝐆𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐜 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐝 (𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐱. 𝟖𝟎𝟎–𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟎) 𝐑𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐝 (𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐱. 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟎–𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎) 𝐁𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐪𝐮𝐞 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐝 (𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐱. 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎–𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎) 𝐂𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐝 (𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐱. 𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟎–𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟎) 𝐑𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐜…

𝐋𝐄𝐒 𝐒𝐈𝐗 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐇 𝐑𝐄𝐁𝐄𝐋𝐋𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐀𝐆𝐀𝐈𝐍𝐒𝐓 𝐖𝐀𝐆𝐍𝐄𝐑 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐈𝐌𝐏𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐒𝐌: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐈𝐅𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐎 (𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟔–𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟎) 𝐈. 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐒 𝐃𝐔𝐑𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐖𝐀𝐑 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐍𝐄𝐄𝐃 𝐅𝐎𝐑 𝐀 𝐍𝐄𝐖 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐇 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂 The story of 𝐋𝐞𝐬 𝐒𝐢𝐱…

𝗥𝘂𝗱𝗼𝗹𝗳 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗸𝗶𝗻 (1903–1991) 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗔𝗹𝗲𝘅𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗻𝗲𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗿 (1908–1993) 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗣𝗮𝘂 𝗖𝗮𝘀𝗮𝗹𝘀 (1876–1973) 𝗮𝘁 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗯𝗼𝗿𝗼 (𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗲 1951)

𝗚𝗲𝘇𝗮 𝗔𝗻𝗱𝗮 (1921–1976) 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝘃𝗼𝗻 𝗞𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗷𝗮𝗻 (1908–1989) Karajan and Anda met for the first time in Berlin in the early 1940s but did not work together. After the war, Walter Legge brought them…

𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗟𝗜𝗦𝗭𝗧 — 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗠𝗜𝗥𝗔𝗖𝗟𝗘 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗 𝗧𝗢 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗦𝗧 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗢 𝗦𝗨𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗥 The early life of 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 (1811–1886) reads like the birth of modern virtuosity itself. Long before the word “superstar” existed, Liszt embodied…

## Mahler’s Music in the Netherlands Under Nazism — and the Controversial Role of Willem Mengelberg The fate of **Mahler’s music in the Netherlands during the Nazi occupation (1940–1945)** is inseparable from the tragic…

# **Francesco Antonio Bonporti (1672–1749)** **Francesco Antonio Bonporti** was an Italian Baroque composer and priest whose music became surprisingly influential—especially through its later association with **Johann Sebastian Bach**, who studied and even copied some…

# **Cecilia Bartoli**, Les Musiciens du Prince-Monaco and Gianluca Capuano performing **Porpora: Polifemo (Ed. Sanderson) - Alto Giove** [[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t8WC8y4qMIM](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t8WC8y4qMIM)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t8WC8y4qMIM)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t8WC8y4qMIM) **Carlo Broschi 'Il Farinelli' (1705-82):**

**Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber** (1644–1704) was one of the most imaginative and influential composers of the Baroque era, celebrated above all as a revolutionary violinist. Born in Bohemia, he spent most of his career…

**Mily Balakirev** (1837–1910) was a central figure in the rise of Russian musical nationalism in the 19th century. Largely self-taught, he became the driving force behind *The Mighty Handful* (or *The Five*), mentoring composers…

**Alexander Borodin** (1833–1887) was one of the most remarkable figures in 19th-century Russian culture, combining a distinguished scientific career with lasting achievements as a composer. Trained as a chemist and professor of medicine in…

# **Concert and Mechanical Principles (Book:** Mozart, His Character, His Work by Alfred Einstein) Let us begin with a simple, almost trivial observation: **for a pianist, broken chords and arpeggios are the most natural…