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Irina Eneri and Alexander Glazunov 𝗘𝗻𝗲𝗿𝗶 — artistic pseudonym, real name: 𝗚𝗼𝗿𝘆𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗼𝘃𝗮 — 𝗜𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗮 𝗔𝗹𝗲𝗸𝘀𝗲𝗲𝘃𝗻𝗮 — pianist. 𝗜𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗮 𝗘𝗻𝗲𝗿𝗶 began performing very early, having earned a reputation as a child prodigy. In 1908 and…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗝𝗘𝗔𝗡-𝗣𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗜𝗣𝗣𝗘 𝗥𝗔𝗠𝗘𝗔𝗨: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗜𝗟𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗠𝗢𝗡𝗬, 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗗𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗤𝗨𝗜𝗘𝗧 𝗝𝗲𝗮𝗻-𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗽𝗽𝗲 𝗥𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗮𝘂 belongs to that rare class of composers whose genius seems divided between two opposite…

𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗼 𝗟𝗮𝗻𝘇𝗮 — 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗧𝗲𝗻𝗼𝗿 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗕𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮 𝗧𝗼 𝗠𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗧𝗵𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗴𝗵 𝗛𝗼𝗹𝗹𝘆𝘄𝗼𝗼𝗱 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗼 𝗟𝗮𝗻𝘇𝗮 was one of the most famous tenor voices of the twentieth century, although his career was unlike that of almost…

𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗼 𝗖𝗼𝗿𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶 — 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗢𝗳 𝗧𝗲𝗻𝗼𝗿𝘀, 𝗔 𝗩𝗼𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗢𝗳 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝗲, 𝗕𝗲𝗮𝘂𝘁𝘆, 𝗔𝗻𝗱 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗼𝗶𝗰 𝗚𝗹𝗮𝗺𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗼 𝗖𝗼𝗿𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶 was one of the most spectacular Italian tenors of the twentieth century, a singer whose name still…

𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡, 𝗕𝗬 𝗝. 𝗖𝗨𝗧𝗛𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗗𝗘𝗡 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗥𝗢𝗛𝗥𝗔𝗨 𝗧𝗢 𝗦𝗧 𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗣𝗛𝗘𝗡’𝗦: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗦𝗔𝗡𝗚 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗪𝗔𝗬 𝗜𝗡𝗧𝗢 𝗗𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗬 𝗔 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗨𝗧 𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗚𝗜𝗖 𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗥𝗘 The life of 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗛𝗮𝘆𝗱𝗻 begins without…

𝗚𝗶𝗱𝗼𝗻 𝗞𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗿 - 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻 𝗦𝗼𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗮𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗢𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗸𝘀 - 𝗕𝗼𝘅 𝗦𝗲𝘁 𝟭𝟱𝗖𝗗𝘀 𝗖𝗗 𝟭 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻: Sonata For Piano And Violin No. 1 In D Major, Op. 12 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻: Sonata For Piano And Violin…

𝗘𝘁𝘁𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗕𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗶 — 𝗔 𝗕𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗳 𝗕𝘂𝘁 𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗣𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗶𝘁 𝗢𝗳 𝗔 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗘𝘁𝘁𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗕𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗶 was one of the most admired Italian baritones of the twentieth century, remembered for the exceptional beauty of his…

𝗪𝗵𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗱 𝗖𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗼𝘀 𝗞𝗹𝗲𝗶𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝗡𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻’𝘀 𝗧𝗵𝗶𝗿𝗱 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗡𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗵 𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗲𝘀? 𝗖𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗼𝘀 𝗞𝗹𝗲𝗶𝗯𝗲𝗿’𝘀 𝗔𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗮𝗹 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻 𝗥𝗲𝗽𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗼𝗶𝗿𝗲 Kleiber conducted Beethoven’s symphonies from the Fourth to the Seventh: Symphony No. 4: preserved in live recordings, including…

𝗕𝗲𝗻𝗷𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 𝗕𝗶𝗹𝘀𝗲: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗪𝗵𝗼𝘀𝗲 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮 𝗚𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗻 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗰 𝗘𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗕𝗲𝗻𝗷𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 𝗕𝗶𝗹𝘀𝗲 (𝟭𝟳 𝗔𝘂𝗴𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟲 – 𝟭𝟯 𝗝𝘂𝗹𝘆 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟮) was born in Liegnitz, in the Prussian province…

𝗔𝗻 𝗮𝗯𝘀𝗼𝗹𝘂𝘁𝗲 𝗺𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗽𝗶𝗲𝗰𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗽𝗿𝗲𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 — 𝗪𝗵𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗼𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗽𝗿𝗲𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝘄𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗱 𝘆𝗼𝘂 𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗼𝘀𝗲?

𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗟𝗜𝗦𝗭𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗜𝗥𝗥𝗢𝗥: 𝗣𝗛𝗬𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗔𝗣𝗣𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘, 𝗗𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗦, 𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗚𝗘 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗦𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗜𝗖𝗢𝗡 To describe 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁’s physical appearance is to describe one of the most powerful visual myths in…

𝗙𝗘𝗟𝗜𝗫 𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗟𝗦𝗦𝗢𝗛𝗡’𝗦 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗥𝗘𝗡 𝗔 𝗙𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗹𝘆 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗮𝗰𝘆 𝗧𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗗𝗶𝗱 𝗡𝗼𝘁 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗻𝘂𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗴𝗵 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗙𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘅 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹𝘀𝘀𝗼𝗵𝗻 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗱𝘆 and 𝗖𝗲́𝗰𝗶𝗹𝗲 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗼𝘁𝘁𝗲 𝗦𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗶𝗲 𝗝𝗲𝗮𝗻𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗮𝘂𝗱 had 𝗳𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱𝗿𝗲𝗻: 𝗖𝗮𝗿𝗹, 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗲, 𝗣𝗮𝘂𝗹, 𝗟𝗶𝗹𝗶, and 𝗙𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘅 𝗔𝘂𝗴𝘂𝘀𝘁. Their family life belonged…

𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 𝗔𝗦 𝗖𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝗝𝘂𝗱𝗴𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀, 𝗙𝗮𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗿𝘂𝗲 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 For 𝗟𝘂𝗱𝘄𝗶𝗴 𝘃𝗮𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻, criticism was never a polite salon game. He did not judge composers, poets, singers, or performers according to…

# 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - 𝗘𝗽𝗶𝗹𝗼𝗴𝘂𝗲 # 𝗘𝘁 𝗟𝘂𝘅 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗽𝗲𝘁𝘂𝗮 𝗟𝘂𝗰𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗘𝗶𝘀 ## 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗠𝗼𝘇𝗮𝗿𝘁 Death in the eighteenth century was never extraordinary in itself. Disease moved quickly through Europe, medicine…

𝐋𝐢𝐥𝐢 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐍𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐚 𝐁𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐫 𝐓𝐰𝐨 𝐒𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬, 𝐓𝐰𝐨 𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐬, 𝐎𝐧𝐞 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 The history of 𝐋𝐢𝐥𝐢 𝐁𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐫 and 𝐍𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐚 𝐁𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐫 is one of the most moving and paradoxical stories in modern music. They were sisters,…

𝗦𝗔𝗜𝗡𝗧 𝗖𝗘𝗖𝗜𝗟𝗜𝗔: 𝗣𝗔𝗧𝗥𝗢𝗡 𝗦𝗔𝗜𝗡𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗛𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆, 𝘀𝘆𝗺𝗯𝗼𝗹𝗶𝘀𝗺, 𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗱, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸𝘀 𝗶𝗻𝘀𝗽𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝘆 𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗜. 𝗔 𝗦𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘁 𝗪𝗵𝗼𝘀𝗲 𝗦𝗶𝗹𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗰𝗮𝗺𝗲 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗦𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘁 𝗖𝗲𝗰𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗮 occupies one of the most poetic positions in Western…

𝗖𝗵𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗢𝗽𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗹𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗣𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗼 When 𝗙𝗿é𝗱é𝗿𝗶𝗰 𝗖𝗵𝗼𝗽𝗶𝗻 arrived in Paris in 𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟭, he entered a city that had become the most brilliant musical capital of Europe. Paris was…

𝗝𝗲𝗮𝗻 𝗦𝗶𝗯𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘂𝘀 — 𝗔𝗻𝗲𝗰𝗱𝗼𝘁𝗲𝘀, 𝗖𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗥𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗘𝗽𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗱𝗲𝘀 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 Jean Sibelius was one of those composers whose life seems divided between two almost opposite worlds: on one side, the public figure, the…

𝗕𝗥𝗨𝗡𝗢 𝗪𝗔𝗟𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗔 𝗣𝘀𝘆𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗣𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗶𝘁, 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗥𝗲𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽𝘀 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗢𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗛𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱 𝗕𝗲𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 Bruno Walter was one of the great moral figures of twentieth-century conducting. He was not merely a…

𝗧𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗜𝗞𝗢𝗩𝗦𝗞𝗬 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀𝗲𝘀, 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱𝘀 The relationship between 𝗣𝘆𝗼𝘁𝗿 𝗜𝗹𝘆𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗧𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗸𝗼𝘃𝘀𝗸𝘆 and 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝘀 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀 was never a true friendship in the intimate sense, nor was it a simple personal rivalry. It was,…

𝗣𝗥𝗜𝗩𝗔𝗧𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗘𝗖𝗗𝗢𝗧𝗘𝗦 𝗔𝗕𝗢𝗨𝗧 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗢𝗡 𝗢𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗥 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝗔 𝗣𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗜𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗦𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗘, 𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗧, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗗𝗘𝗘𝗣𝗟𝗬 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗜𝗡𝗗 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝘀 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀 was never a composer of easy compliments. His judgments could be abrupt, ironic, severe,…

𝗘𝗿𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗔𝗻𝘀𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗲𝘁: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗮𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗻 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 – 𝗔 𝗦𝘄𝗶𝘀𝘀 𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗱 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝘆 𝗡𝘂𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗘𝗿𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗔𝗹𝗲𝘅𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗿𝗲 𝗔𝗻𝘀𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗲𝘁 was born on 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟭, 𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟯, in 𝗩𝗲𝘃𝗲𝘆, Switzerland, and died on 𝗙𝗲𝗯𝗿𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆…

𝗕𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝗦𝗶𝗹𝗹𝘀 — 𝗔 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟭 — 𝗕𝗿𝗼𝗼𝗸𝗹𝘆𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀 (𝟭𝟵𝟮𝟵–𝟭𝟵𝟯𝟯) Beverly Sills was born Belle Miriam Silverman on May 25, 1929, in Brooklyn, New York, to immigrant parents of Russian-Jewish descent. Music entered…

𝐁𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐨 𝐆𝐢𝐠𝐥𝐢: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐆𝐨𝐥𝐝𝐞𝐧-𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐓𝐞𝐧𝐨𝐫 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐋𝐲𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐁𝐞𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐲, 𝐓𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐬, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐈𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐏𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐝 There are tenors whose fame rests on brilliance, others on heroic force, and a very few whose voices seem…