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# **Pauline Viardot — A Life in 20 Chapters** **The Voice of Europe, The Muse of Composers, and One of the Most Influential Artists of the 19th Century** ## **Chapter 1 — A Childhood…

# THE MAKING OF *TOSCA* **A Complete History of the Opera’s Composition, 1896–1899** ## **I. Origins: Sardou, Bernhardt, and a Reluctant Puccini (1893–1896)** Although *Tosca* premiered in 1900, its roots stretch back several years…

# **REYNALDO HAHN — A LIFE** ## **I. Origins, Childhood in Caracas and Paris, and the Awakening of a Poet-Musician** Reynaldo Hahn was born on **August 9, 1874**, in Caracas, Venezuela, the youngest of…