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𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗔 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟮𝟭 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗢𝗡𝗥𝗬 ════════════════════════════ 𝗜. 𝗔𝗡𝗢𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗥 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗘 After the portrait of Mozart as man, composer, performer, social being, elegant Viennese, player, worker, and vulnerable body, the biography enters…

𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗕𝘆 𝗝𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 — 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝗮𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟬𝟮 — 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝗮𝗹 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 Franz Liszt belongs to that rare class of artists whose lives…

𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗟𝗜𝗦𝗭𝗧 𝗕𝗬 𝗝𝗔𝗠𝗘𝗦 𝗛𝗨𝗡𝗘𝗞𝗘𝗥 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁, written by 𝗝𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗸𝗲𝗿, was first published in 𝟭𝟵𝟭𝟭 by 𝗖. 𝗦𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗯𝗻𝗲𝗿’𝘀 𝗦𝗼𝗻𝘀 in New York. It is a substantial biography of around 𝟰𝟱𝟴 𝗽𝗮𝗴𝗲𝘀, devoted to…

𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗟𝗜𝗦𝗭𝗧 — 𝗔𝗡𝗘𝗖𝗗𝗢𝗧𝗘𝗦, 𝗖𝗨𝗥𝗜𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗘𝗦, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗙𝗔𝗦𝗖𝗜𝗡𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗗𝗘𝗧𝗔𝗜𝗟𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗞 Franz Liszt was not merely one of the greatest pianists of the nineteenth century. He was a phenomenon: 𝗮 𝘃𝗶𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗼𝘀𝗼, 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿,…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗔 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟮𝟬 𝗣𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗜𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥 ════════════════════════════ 𝗜. 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗘𝗛𝗜𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗬𝗧𝗛 After the dazzling public world of 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗜𝗠𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗔𝗥𝗜𝗢, Solomon pauses to ask a deceptively simple…

𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 — 𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗞 𝗝𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗢𝗫𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗦 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟯 — 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗟𝗜𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗢𝗢𝗞 𝗔𝗦 𝗔 𝗦𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗 𝗜𝗡𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗨𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 To understand Robert Schumann, one must begin with a simple…

𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 — 𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗞 𝗝𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗢𝗫𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗦 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟮 — 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗦 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗔𝗪 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗪𝗔𝗦 𝗡𝗢𝗧 𝗠𝗔𝗗𝗘 𝗙𝗢𝗥 𝗟𝗔𝗪 When Robert Schumann left Zwickau for university life,…

𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 — 𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗞 𝗝𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗢𝗫𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗦 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭 — 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗛𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗬𝗢𝗨𝗧𝗛 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗚𝗘 𝗕𝗢𝗬 𝗢𝗙 𝗭𝗪𝗜𝗖𝗞𝗔𝗨 Robert Schumann’s childhood begins not with the image of a passive…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 — 𝗠𝗔𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 𝗧𝗛𝗔𝗧 𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗢 𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗖𝗨𝗘 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗟𝗘𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗮𝘆𝗻𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗦𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗺𝗼𝗻’𝘀 𝗠𝗼𝘇𝗮𝗿𝘁: 𝗔 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 is one of the most influential, ambitious, and debated Mozart biographies of the late…

𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 — 𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗞 𝗝𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗢𝗫𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗦 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗙𝗔𝗖𝗘 — 𝗕𝗘𝗬𝗢𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗗 𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗜𝗖 Few composers have been more persistently surrounded by legend than 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻. For…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗔 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟵 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗜𝗠𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗔𝗥𝗜𝗢 ════════════════════════════ 𝗜. 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗜𝗦𝗧 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗔𝗠𝗘 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗢𝗪𝗡 𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗚𝗘𝗥 After 𝗔𝗗𝗔𝗠, the symbolic chapter of self-renaming, Mozart enters a more practical and public phase…

𝗗𝗔𝗩𝗜𝗗 𝗢𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗞𝗛: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗡𝗢𝗕𝗟𝗘 𝗩𝗢𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗜𝗢𝗟𝗜𝗡 𝗗𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗱 𝗢𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗸𝗵 was born in 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟴 in 𝗢𝗱𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗮, then part of the Russian Empire, and died in 𝟭𝟵𝟳𝟰 in 𝗔𝗺𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗮𝗺. He became one of the greatest…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗔 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟳 𝗧𝗪𝗢 𝗙𝗔𝗠𝗜𝗟𝗜𝗘𝗦 ════════════════════════════ 𝗜. 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗘𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗪𝗢 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗𝗦 After the marriage to 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻𝘇𝗲 𝗪𝗲𝗯𝗲𝗿 on 4 August 1782, Mozart’s life did not become simple.…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗔 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟲 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗡𝗭𝗘 ════════════════════════════ 𝗜. 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗪𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗠𝗔𝗗𝗘 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗔 𝗜𝗥𝗥𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗕𝗟𝗘 When Mozart arrived in Vienna in March 1781, he was still formally attached to Salzburg. He had…

𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗢𝗡 𝗥𝗘𝗜𝗖𝗛𝗔: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗔𝗠𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗧𝗘𝗖𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗪𝗜𝗡𝗗 𝗤𝗨𝗜𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗧 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻 𝗥𝗲𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟮𝟲 𝗙𝗲𝗯𝗿𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟬, 𝗣𝗿𝗮𝗴𝘂𝗲, 𝗕𝗼𝗵𝗲𝗺𝗶𝗮 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟮𝟴 𝗠𝗮𝘆 𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟲, 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻 𝗥𝗲𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮 was one of the…

𝗚𝗜𝗢𝗩𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗜 𝗕𝗔𝗧𝗧𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗔 𝗦𝗔𝗠𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗜𝗟𝗔𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗘 𝗣𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗘𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗛𝗘𝗟𝗣𝗘𝗗 𝗖𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗣𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗬 𝗚𝗶𝗼𝘃𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗶 𝗕𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮 𝗦𝗮𝗺𝗺𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗶 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝗰. 𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟬/𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟭, 𝗠𝗶𝗹𝗮𝗻, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟱 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟱, 𝗠𝗶𝗹𝗮𝗻, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗚𝗶𝗼𝘃𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗶 𝗕𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮 𝗦𝗮𝗺𝗺𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗶 was one of the essential creators…

𝗚𝗘𝗢𝗥𝗚 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗔𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗜𝗟: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗘 𝗣𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗘𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗪𝗔𝗬 𝗙𝗢𝗥 𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗿𝗴 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗽𝗵 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗲𝗶𝗹 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟮𝟵 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟱, 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, 𝗔𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟳, 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, 𝗔𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗿𝗴 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗽𝗵 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗲𝗶𝗹 was one…

𝗖𝗔𝗥𝗟 𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗠𝗜𝗧𝗭: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗩𝗘𝗟𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗩𝗜𝗥𝗧𝗨𝗢𝗦𝗢 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗖𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗛𝗘𝗜𝗠 𝗦𝗧𝗬𝗟𝗘 𝗔𝗖𝗥𝗢𝗦𝗦 𝗘𝗨𝗥𝗢𝗣𝗘 𝗖𝗮𝗿𝗹 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗽𝗽 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗶𝘁𝘇 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟳 𝗠𝗮𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟰𝟱, 𝗠𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗵𝗲𝗶𝗺, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟵 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟴𝟬𝟭, 𝗝𝗲𝗻𝗮, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗖𝗮𝗿𝗹 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗶𝘁𝘇 was one of the most…

𝗚𝗘𝗢𝗥𝗚 𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗢𝗡 𝗕𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗔: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗥𝗔𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗜𝗡𝗡𝗢𝗩𝗔𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗚𝗔𝗩𝗘 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗔 𝗦𝗣𝗢𝗞𝗘𝗡 𝗩𝗢𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗿𝗴 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗮 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟯𝟬 𝗝𝘂𝗻𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟮𝟮, 𝗕𝗲𝗻𝗮́𝘁𝗸𝘆 𝗻𝗮𝗱 𝗝𝗶𝘇𝗲𝗿𝗼𝘂, 𝗕𝗼𝗵𝗲𝗺𝗶𝗮 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟲 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟵𝟱, 𝗞𝗼̈𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘇, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗿𝗴 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗮 was one…

𝗝𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗣𝗛 𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗜𝗡 𝗞𝗥𝗔𝗨𝗦: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗪𝗘𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗛 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗔𝗥𝗞 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗦𝗠 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗻 𝗞𝗿𝗮𝘂𝘀 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟮𝟬 𝗝𝘂𝗻𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟲, 𝗠𝗶𝗹𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗯𝗲𝗿𝗴 𝗮𝗺 𝗠𝗮𝗶𝗻, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟱 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟵𝟮, 𝗦𝘁𝗼𝗰𝗸𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗺, 𝗦𝘄𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗻 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗻 𝗞𝗿𝗮𝘂𝘀 is one…

𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗫𝗔𝗩𝗘𝗥 𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗛𝗧𝗘𝗥: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗛𝗘𝗜𝗠 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗕𝗥𝗜𝗗𝗚𝗘𝗗 𝗕𝗔𝗥𝗢𝗤𝗨𝗘 𝗦𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗕𝗥𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗫𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟵, 𝗛𝗼𝗹𝗲𝘀̌𝗼𝘃, 𝗠𝗼𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗮 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟮 𝗦𝗲𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟵, 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘀𝗯𝗼𝘂𝗿𝗴, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗫𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝘁𝗲𝗿 was one of…

𝗝𝗔𝗡 𝗟𝗔𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗟𝗔𝗩 𝗗𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗘𝗞: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗢𝗛𝗘𝗠𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗢 𝗣𝗢𝗘𝗧 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗢𝗪𝗘𝗗 𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗣𝗜𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗦𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗢 𝗝𝗮𝗻 𝗟𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘃 𝗗𝘂𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗸 𝗔𝗹𝘀𝗼 𝗸𝗻𝗼𝘄𝗻 𝗮𝘀: 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗟𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘂𝘀 𝗗𝘂𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗸 / 𝗝𝗮𝗻 𝗟𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘃 𝗗𝘂𝘀𝗶́𝗸 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭𝟮 𝗙𝗲𝗯𝗿𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟲𝟬,…

𝗠𝗨𝗭𝗜𝗢 𝗖𝗟𝗘𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗔𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗢𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗧𝗘𝗖𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗢𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗡 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗢 𝗧𝗘𝗖𝗛𝗡𝗜𝗤𝗨𝗘 𝗠𝘂𝘇𝗶𝗼 𝗖𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟮𝟯 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟮, 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗲, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟬 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟮, 𝗘𝘃𝗲𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗺, 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱 Among the great figures in the…

𝗡𝗜𝗖𝗖𝗢𝗟𝗢̀ 𝗝𝗢𝗠𝗠𝗘𝗟𝗟𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔 𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗔 𝗥𝗘𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗥𝗢𝗔𝗗 𝗧𝗢 𝗚𝗟𝗨𝗖𝗞 𝗡𝗶𝗰𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗼̀ 𝗝𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭𝟬 𝗦𝗲𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟰, 𝗔𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗮, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟮𝟱 𝗔𝘂𝗴𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟰, 𝗡𝗮𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘀, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 Among the great reforming figures of eighteenth-century opera,…