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𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗢𝗟𝗗 𝗝𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗙 𝗥𝗢𝗦𝗘́ 𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟯–𝟭𝟵𝟰𝟲 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗜𝗢𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗜𝗦𝗧 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗔𝗧 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗔’𝗦 𝗚𝗢𝗟𝗗𝗘𝗡 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗 𝗔𝗿𝗻𝗼𝗹𝗱 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗳 𝗥𝗼𝘀𝗲́ was one of those musicians whose name is less famous among the general public than…

𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡, 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗨𝗙𝗙𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗵𝗲𝗻 𝗣𝗮𝗶𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝗰𝗮𝗺𝗲 𝗔𝗿𝘁, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗮𝗶𝗿 𝗕𝗲𝗰𝗮𝗺𝗲 𝗗𝗲𝗳𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 The section 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗨𝗙𝗙𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗥 from Beethoven, the Man and the Artist, as Revealed in His Own Words brings us to the most tragic…

𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗜𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗥 𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗥𝗠 𝗢𝗙 𝗖𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗢𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴 — 𝗛𝗼𝘄 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗪𝗮𝘀 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻 𝗶𝗻 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗱 𝗕𝗲𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗜𝘁 𝗥𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗮𝗴𝗲 For 𝗟𝘂𝗱𝘄𝗶𝗴 𝘃𝗮𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻, composing was never a calm technical exercise. It…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗞 𝗢𝗙 𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟯 — 𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗜𝗔𝗟 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗘𝗠𝗢𝗥𝗜𝗔𝗟𝗦 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗮𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗱𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵: 𝗳𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹, 𝗴𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗲, 𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗯𝗲𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗼𝗳 𝗽𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗶𝗺𝗺𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆 With Chapter 13, Schubert’s life passes fully into…

𝗡𝗶𝗸𝗼𝗹𝗮𝗶 𝗥𝗶𝗺𝘀𝗸𝘆-𝗞𝗼𝗿𝘀𝗮𝗸𝗼𝘃 𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝘀𝘁𝘂𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀, 𝗮𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗺 𝗔𝗹𝗲𝘅𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗚𝗹𝗮𝘇𝘂𝗻𝗼𝘃. 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟲.

𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗔𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗘𝗦 𝗔𝗦 𝗔 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗦𝗬𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗠 𝟭𝟲𝟲𝟭–𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟵 The Palace of Versailles was never simply a royal residence, nor even merely the most spectacular architectural expression of French absolutism. From the moment Louis XIV began transforming…

𝗚𝗨𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗩 𝗠𝗔𝗛𝗟𝗘𝗥 𝗔𝗡 𝗜𝗡-𝗗𝗘𝗣𝗧𝗛 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗕𝗔𝗟𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘𝗗 𝗣𝗦𝗬𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗣𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗜𝗧 To enter the inner world of 𝗚𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘃 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 is to stand before one of the most exposed psyches in the history of music. Few composers turned…

𝗝𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗣𝗛 𝗝𝗢𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗠 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗔𝗫 𝗕𝗥𝗨𝗖𝗛 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗜𝗢𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗜𝗦𝗧 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗚𝗔𝗩𝗘 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗖𝗘𝗥𝗧𝗢 𝗜𝗧𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗮𝘅 𝗕𝗿𝘂𝗰𝗵 - 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗼 𝗡𝗼. 𝟭 𝗶𝗻 𝗚 𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗼𝗿 - 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻: 𝗜𝘁𝘇𝗵𝗮𝗸 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗺𝗮𝗻 - 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗴𝗲𝗯𝗼𝘂𝘄 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮, 𝗔𝗺𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗮𝗺 - 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗛𝗮𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗸…

𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗲𝗿 (𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟯–𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟯), 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿, 𝗮𝘁 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗛𝗼𝗺𝗲 𝗪𝗮𝗵𝗻𝗳𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗱 𝗶𝗻 𝗕𝗮𝘆𝗿𝗲𝘂𝘁𝗵. 𝗖𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿: 𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗲𝗿. 𝗟𝗲𝗳𝘁: 𝗖𝗼𝘀𝗶𝗺𝗮 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗲𝗿. 𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁: 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝘀 𝘃𝗼𝗻 𝗕𝘂̈𝗹𝗼𝘄.

𝗟𝗘𝗢𝗡𝗧𝗬𝗡𝗘 𝗣𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗘 — 𝗔 𝗣𝘀𝘆𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗣𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗶𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗲𝗿 𝗔𝗿𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗿𝘆 𝗟𝗲𝗼𝗻𝘁𝘆𝗻𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗲 did not simply sing; she seemed to 𝗶𝗻𝗵𝗮𝗯𝗶𝘁 𝘀𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱 with a rare emotional coherence and an almost spiritual authority. Her artistry never felt…

𝐕𝐢𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐌𝐚𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐥: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐁𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐆𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐕𝐞𝐫𝐝𝐢 𝐇𝐢𝐬 𝐈𝐚𝐠𝐨 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐇𝐢𝐬 𝐅𝐚𝐥𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐟𝐟 There are singers whose fame rests on sheer vocal splendor, and there are others whose greatness lies equally in the intelligence…

𝐋𝐞𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐞 𝐑𝐲𝐬𝐚𝐧𝐞𝐤: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐥𝐚𝐦𝐞-𝐂𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐒𝐨𝐩𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐖𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐞𝐫, 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐬, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐕𝐞𝐫𝐝𝐢 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐏𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐞 There are singers whose greatness lies in beauty of sound, and there are others whose greatness lies in something…

𝗣𝗬𝗢𝗧𝗥 𝗜𝗟𝗬𝗜𝗖𝗛 𝗧𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗜𝗞𝗢𝗩𝗦𝗞𝗬’𝗦 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗣𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗬 𝗡𝗢. 𝟭 𝗜𝗡 𝗚 𝗠𝗜𝗡𝗢𝗥, 𝗢𝗣. 𝟭𝟯, “𝗪𝗜𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗗𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗠𝗦”: 𝗔 𝗥𝗜𝗚𝗢𝗥𝗢𝗨𝗦 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬 𝗢𝗙 𝗥𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗟𝗬𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗦𝗠, 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗣𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗜𝗗𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗧𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗸𝗼𝘃𝘀𝗸𝘆: 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘁𝗲 𝘀𝘆𝗺𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗰 𝗰𝘆𝗰𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗺𝘂𝗹𝘁𝗶𝗽𝗹𝗲 𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 (Audio…

𝗠𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗲𝗹 𝗧𝗶𝗹𝘀𝗼𝗻 𝗧𝗵𝗼𝗺𝗮𝘀 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟮𝟭, 𝟭𝟵𝟰𝟰 – 𝗔𝗽𝗿𝗶𝗹 𝟮𝟮, 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟲 The world of classical music says goodbye to 𝗠𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗲𝗹 𝗧𝗶𝗹𝘀𝗼𝗻 𝗧𝗵𝗼𝗺𝗮𝘀, one of the most distinctive, imaginative, and influential conductors of his generation. He…

𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐌𝐚𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨 A late photograph of an affectionate diva with her mentor, 𝐌𝐚𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐨 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐟𝐢𝐧, perhaps taken in Greece during their final stage performances together in 𝐁𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐢’𝐬 𝐍𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚 at 𝐄𝐩𝐢𝐝𝐚𝐮𝐫𝐮𝐬, 𝐀𝐮𝐠𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟎.…

𝗕𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝗦𝗶𝗹𝗹𝘀 (𝟭𝟵𝟮𝟵–𝟮𝟬𝟬𝟳) 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝗠𝗮𝘆 𝟮𝟱, 𝟭𝟵𝟮𝟵, in 𝗕𝗿𝗼𝗼𝗸𝗹𝘆𝗻, 𝗡𝗲𝘄 𝗬𝗼𝗿𝗸, 𝗨𝗦𝗔 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝗝𝘂𝗹𝘆 𝟮, 𝟮𝟬𝟬𝟳, in 𝗠𝗮𝗻𝗵𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗮𝗻, 𝗡𝗲𝘄 𝗬𝗼𝗿𝗸, 𝗨𝗦𝗔 𝗦𝗵𝗼𝗿𝘁 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗳𝗶𝗹𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝗦𝗶𝗹𝗹𝘀 was one of the most celebrated 𝗔𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗻 𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗿𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗮 𝘀𝗼𝗽𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗼𝘀…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗛𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗟𝗨𝗗𝗪𝗜𝗚 𝗩𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 (𝗜𝗩) “𝗦𝗼𝗿𝗿𝗼𝘄 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗔𝘄𝗮𝗸𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴” (𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟰–𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟳) 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟮𝟭: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗿𝘁 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻 By 𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟰, Beethoven was no longer a 𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗴𝘆, but a recognized musician within the court of…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗛𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗙𝗘𝗟𝗜𝗫 𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗟𝗦𝗦𝗢𝗛𝗡 (𝗜𝗜𝗜) “𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗗𝗮𝘄𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀” (𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟮–𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟱) 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟱: 𝗔 𝗖𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 By 1822, Berlin had become one of the 𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗘𝘂𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗲, alive with the spirit…

𝗖𝗮𝗿𝗹 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗱𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗭𝗲𝗹𝘁𝗲𝗿 (𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟴–𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟮): 𝗚𝘂𝗮𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗧𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝘁𝗼 𝗙𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘅 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹𝘀𝘀𝗼𝗵𝗻 𝗘𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 Carl Friedrich Zelter was born on December 11, 1758, in Berlin, at a time…

𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗕𝗟𝗘 𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝗕𝗘𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗚𝗨𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗩 𝗞𝗟𝗜𝗠𝗧 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗚𝗨𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗩 𝗠𝗔𝗛𝗟𝗘𝗥 𝗜𝗡 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗔 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 The idea of encounters between 𝗚𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘃 𝗞𝗹𝗶𝗺𝘁 and 𝗚𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘃 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 is not only plausible but historically very likely. Both stood near the center…

𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣𝗦 𝗕𝗘𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗦 - 𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗜 — 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗚𝗟𝗨𝗖𝗞 𝗧𝗢 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 In this second great historical block, the center of gravity shifts from the mature Baroque world toward the age…

𝗔 𝗧𝗿𝗶𝗮𝗱 𝗼𝗳 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗧𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗻𝘀: 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹𝘀𝘀𝗼𝗵𝗻, 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗼𝘇 𝗶𝗻 𝗟𝗲𝗶𝗽𝘇𝗶𝗴, 𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟯–𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟰 𝗜. 𝗟𝗲𝗶𝗽𝘇𝗶𝗴 𝗮𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗵𝗲𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗶𝘁𝘀 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗽𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗴𝗲 In the early 1840s, 𝗟𝗲𝗶𝗽𝘇𝗶𝗴 was one of the great musical capitals of…

𝗣𝗶𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗶𝘀 𝗦𝗲𝗶𝗷𝗶 𝗢𝘇𝗮𝘄𝗮, 𝗔𝗮𝗿𝗼𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗟𝗲𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗶𝗻 𝗰𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗯𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝟰𝟬𝘁𝗵 𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗸𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗿𝗲 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗖𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝗻 𝟭𝟵𝟴𝟬.

# **𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - Chapter 17 — Last Return, Last Departure ** **I. Vienna: Sociability, Dance, and the Theatre of Identity** The year **1783** opens with Mozart in a state of outward…