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𝐊𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐣𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐇𝐢𝐬 𝐃𝐨𝐠 — 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐢𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐭, 𝐏𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐌𝐚𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨 The image of 𝐇𝐞𝐫𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐭 𝐯𝐨𝐧 𝐊𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐣𝐚𝐧 seated quietly beside his dog is deeply revealing because it shows a side of him that…

𝐇𝐄𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐍 𝐀𝐁𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐑𝐎𝐓𝐇 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐏𝐑𝐔𝐒𝐒𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐒𝐓𝐔𝐃𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐓𝐎 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐆𝐄𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐍 𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐀𝐓 𝐁𝐑𝐔𝐂𝐊𝐍𝐄𝐑 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐁𝐄𝐄𝐓𝐇𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐍 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐈𝐍 𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐊𝐅𝐔𝐑𝐓 — 𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟑 𝐇𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐧 𝐀𝐛𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐡 was born…

𝐋𝐎𝐑𝐈𝐍 𝐌𝐀𝐀𝐙𝐄𝐋 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐆𝐘 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐁𝐄𝐂𝐀𝐌𝐄 𝐀 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀𝐒𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐏𝐇𝐄𝐍𝐎𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐎𝐍 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐆𝐘 — 𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟎 𝐋𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐧 𝐕𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐌𝐚𝐚𝐳𝐞𝐥 was born on 𝟔 𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡…

𝐒𝐈𝐑 𝐂𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐍 𝐃𝐀𝐕𝐈𝐒 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐂𝐋𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐍𝐄𝐓 𝐒𝐓𝐔𝐃𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐓𝐎 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐂 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐋𝐎𝐍𝐆 𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐀𝐓 𝐁𝐑𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐒𝐇 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑 (𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟕–𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟕) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐌𝐎𝐃𝐄𝐒𝐓 𝐁𝐄𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐆𝐒 (1927–1945) 𝐒𝐢𝐫 𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐧 𝐑𝐞𝐱 𝐃𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐬 (25 September 1927 –…

𝐂𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐒 𝐊𝐑𝐀𝐔𝐒𝐒 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐍𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐈𝐑𝐁𝐎𝐘 𝐓𝐎 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐂 𝐏𝐎𝐖𝐄𝐑: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 (𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟑–𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟗) 𝐈. 𝐁𝐎𝐑𝐍 𝐈𝐍𝐓𝐎 𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐍𝐄𝐒𝐄 𝐓𝐇𝐄𝐀𝐓𝐑𝐄 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐀 𝐖𝐎𝐑𝐋𝐃 𝐂𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐬 𝐇𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐊𝐫𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐬 was born in Vienna…

𝐆𝐄𝐎𝐑𝐆 𝐒𝐎𝐋𝐓𝐈 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐁𝐔𝐃𝐀𝐏𝐄𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐆𝐘 𝐓𝐎 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐕𝐄 𝐘𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐒 (1912–1947) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐎𝐅 𝐁𝐔𝐃𝐀𝐏𝐄𝐒𝐓: 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐅𝐀𝐌𝐈𝐋𝐘 (1912) 𝐆𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐠 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐢 (1912–1997) was born György Stern on 21…

𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐔𝐑 𝐍𝐈𝐊𝐈𝐒𝐂𝐇 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐀𝐆𝐍𝐄𝐓𝐈𝐂 𝐘𝐎𝐔𝐍𝐆 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎: 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐀 𝐇𝐔𝐍𝐆𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐕𝐈𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐈𝐒𝐓 𝐓𝐎 𝐄𝐔𝐑𝐎𝐏𝐄’𝐒 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑 (1855–1895) 𝐈. 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇, 𝐁𝐎𝐑𝐃𝐄𝐑𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐃𝐒, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐈𝐑𝐒𝐓 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐈𝐃𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐓𝐘 (1855–1873) 𝐀𝐫𝐭𝐮𝐫 𝐍𝐢𝐤𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐡 (1855–1922) was born on 12 October…

A rare photo of Hungarian composer Zoltán Kodály and maestro Arturo Toscanini, sitting at Lake Como October 1928 (LAGO DI COMO LOMBARDIA)

𝐀𝐍𝐓𝐀𝐋 𝐃𝐎𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐈𝐑𝐎𝐍 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐀𝐓 𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐈𝐓𝐘: 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐁𝐀𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐓 𝐅𝐈𝐑𝐄 𝐓𝐎 𝐒𝐘𝐌𝐏𝐇𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐂 𝐈𝐌𝐌𝐎𝐑𝐓𝐀𝐋𝐈𝐓𝐘 (𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟎𝐬–𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟎𝐬) 𝐈. 𝐖𝐀𝐑, 𝐄𝐗𝐈𝐋𝐄 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀𝐌𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐍 𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐄 (𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟎–𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟓) By the early 1940s, 𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐃𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢 (1906–1988) had already forged…

𝐀𝐍𝐓𝐀𝐋 𝐃𝐎𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐁𝐔𝐃𝐀𝐏𝐄𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐆𝐘 𝐓𝐎 𝐁𝐀𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐓 𝐅𝐈𝐑𝐄𝐁𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐃: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟔–𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟎) 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐔𝐃𝐀𝐏𝐄𝐒𝐓 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐌𝐈𝐋𝐈𝐄𝐔 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟔–𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟒) 𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐃𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢 (1906–1988) was born on 9 April 1906 in Budapest,…

𝐒𝐀𝐌𝐔𝐈𝐋 𝐒𝐀𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐔𝐃 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐈𝐄𝐑𝐘 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 𝐎𝐅 𝐒𝐎𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐓 𝐏𝐑𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐒: 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐎𝐃𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐀 𝐓𝐎 𝐒𝐇𝐎𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐊𝐎𝐕𝐈𝐂𝐇’𝐒 𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐔𝐌𝐏𝐇 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟒–𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟒) 𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 𝐈𝐍 𝐎𝐃𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐀 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟒–𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟑) 𝐒𝐚𝐦𝐮𝐢𝐥 𝐀𝐛𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐒𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐬𝐮𝐝 (1884–1964) was born on 14 May 1884 in Odessa, then part…

𝐋𝐄𝐎𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐃 𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐊𝐎𝐖𝐒𝐊𝐈 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐋𝐎𝐍𝐃𝐎𝐍 𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐀𝐍 𝐋𝐎𝐅𝐓 𝐓𝐎 𝐀𝐌𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐍 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐏𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐔𝐌 𝐌𝐘𝐓𝐇 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐒𝐇-𝐁𝐑𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐒𝐇 𝐁𝐎𝐘 𝐖𝐈𝐓𝐇 𝐁𝐈𝐆 𝐀𝐌𝐁𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟔) 𝐋𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐤𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐤𝐢 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟐–𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟕) was born on 18 April 1882…

𝐆𝐈𝐔𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐈 𝐕𝐒. 𝐒𝐎𝐋𝐓𝐈 — 𝐓𝐖𝐎 𝐎𝐏𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐄 𝐕𝐈𝐒𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎’𝐒 𝐀𝐑𝐓 𝐈. 𝐓𝐖𝐎 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐌𝐏𝐎𝐑𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐒, 𝐓𝐖𝐎 𝐖𝐎𝐑𝐋𝐃𝐒 Although 𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐨 𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚 𝐆𝐢𝐮𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐢 (𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟒–𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟓) and 𝐒𝐢𝐫 𝐆𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐠 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐢 (𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟐–𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟕) belonged to essentially the same generation, their artistic…

𝐍𝐄𝐄𝐌𝐄 𝐉𝐀̈𝐑𝐕𝐈: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐔𝐍𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐏𝐏𝐀𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐀𝐘 𝐎𝐅 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄, 𝐄𝐗𝐈𝐋𝐄, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀 𝐋𝐄𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐑𝐘 𝐑𝐄𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐃𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐂𝐀𝐑𝐄𝐄𝐑 (𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟕– ) 𝐈. 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐈𝐍 𝐀 𝐓𝐔𝐌𝐔𝐋𝐓𝐔𝐎𝐔𝐒 𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐀 (𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟕–𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟔) 𝐍𝐞𝐞𝐦𝐞 𝐉𝐚̈𝐫𝐯𝐢 was born on 𝐁𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐝𝐞: 𝟕…

𝗚𝗘𝗢𝗥𝗚𝗘 𝗦𝗭𝗘𝗟𝗟 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗔𝗡 𝗜𝗥𝗢𝗡 𝗠𝗔𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗢 The early career of 𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗿𝗴𝗲 𝗦𝘇𝗲𝗹𝗹 (1897–1970) reads less like the meteoric story of a flamboyant prodigy and more like the steady forging of one…

𝗥𝗔𝗙𝗔𝗘𝗟 𝗞𝗨𝗕𝗘𝗟𝗜𝗞 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗘𝗫𝗜𝗟𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗢: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗜𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗚𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗬, 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗘, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗧𝗥𝗨𝗧𝗛 𝗣𝗥𝗔𝗚𝗨𝗘 𝗢𝗥𝗜𝗚𝗜𝗡𝗦 (𝟭𝟵𝟭𝟰–𝟭𝟵𝟯𝟵) Rafael Kubelík was born on June 29, 1914, in Býchory near Prague, into one of the most…

𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗛𝗔𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗞 — 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗩𝗜𝗢𝗟𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗧𝗢 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗔𝗡𝗧 𝗠𝗔𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗢 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗦 𝗜𝗡 𝗔𝗠𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗗𝗔𝗠 (1929–1945) 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗛𝗮𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗸 (1929–2021) was born in Amsterdam on March 4, 1929, into a culturally engaged but not overtly musical…

𝗝𝗔𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗔 𝗛𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗜𝗡 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗦𝗖𝗘𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗠𝗔𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗢: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗚𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗣𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗜𝗖 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗖𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗘𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲: 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗞𝗶𝗲𝘃 𝘁𝗼 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮 The artistic personality of 𝗝𝗮𝘀𝗰𝗵𝗮 𝗛𝗼𝗿𝗲𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗶𝗻 (1898–1973) was formed far from the glare of the international…

𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗘𝗦 𝗠𝗨𝗡𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗚𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗛 𝗠𝗔𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗢 The early conducting career of 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗠𝘂𝗻𝗰𝗵 (1891–1968) is one of the most distinctive developmental stories in twentieth-century musical life. Unlike many great conductors who…

𝗟𝗘𝗜𝗙 𝗦𝗘𝗚𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗠 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗢 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗟𝗘𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗕𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗛𝗘 Leif Segerstam (1944–2024) was one of the most unconventional conductors in modern classical music. He was not only a conductor but also a prolific composer,…

𝗦𝗜𝗥 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗥𝗕𝗜𝗥𝗢𝗟𝗟𝗜 — 𝗔𝗡𝗘𝗖𝗗𝗢𝗧𝗘𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗖𝗨𝗥𝗜𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗘𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗕𝗘𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗔𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗢 Sir John Barbirolli (1899–1970) remains one of the most deeply loved conductors of the twentieth century. Behind the recordings and concerts lies a…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗜𝗥𝗧𝗛 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗠𝗔𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗢 — 𝗟𝗘𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗡𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗜𝗡’𝗦 𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗘 𝗔𝗦 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 (𝟭𝟵𝟯𝟱–𝟭𝟵𝟰𝟱) 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗜𝗡𝗙𝗟𝗨𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗖𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗬 𝗢𝗙 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗚 Leonard Bernstein (1918–1990) did not begin as a conductor in the conventional European sense.…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗢 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗔𝗠𝗘 𝗔 𝗠𝗔𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗢 — 𝗞𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗷𝗮𝗻 & 𝗢𝘇𝗮𝘄𝗮 The relationship between Herbert von Karajan (1908–1989) and Seiji Ozawa (1935–2024) is one of the most fascinating mentor–protégé stories in twentieth-century…

# **Laurence Cummings: A Narrative Portrait of a Modern Handelian Maestro** ## **I. A Conductor Formed by the Keyboard: Roots of a Baroque Interpreter** Laurence Cummings belongs to that rare category of early-music conductors…