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𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟭 𝗔 𝗦𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝗱 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗮𝗿𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗮𝗱𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗛𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗲 𝗗𝗼𝗺𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗳𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗛𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗲𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗱: 𝗙𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗹𝘆, 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗸, 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰, 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝗲𝘆, 𝗣𝘂𝗽𝗶𝗹𝘀,…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡 𝗦𝗔𝗟𝗭𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗚 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟰 𝗙𝗔𝗥𝗘𝗪𝗘𝗟𝗟 𝗧𝗢 𝗦𝗔𝗟𝗭𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗚 ════════════════════════════ 𝗜. 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗘𝗡𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗔𝗟𝗭𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗚 𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗥𝗬 This chapter marks the end of Mozart’s Salzburg life. It does not end with a…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡 𝗦𝗔𝗟𝗭𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗚 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟴 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥’𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗜𝗖𝗘 ════════════════════════════ 𝗜. 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗤𝗨𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗩𝗢𝗜𝗖𝗘 After the chapter of Salzburg as Mozart’s ambiguous home—admiring him, employing him, limiting him, and eventually…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟰 𝗕𝘂𝗶𝗹𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗮 𝗥𝗲𝗽𝘂𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗢𝗿𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁 𝗶𝗻 𝗔𝗿𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗱𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝘂̈𝗵𝗹𝗵𝗮𝘂𝘀𝗲𝗻, 𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟯–𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟴 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗩𝗶𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗼𝘀𝗼 𝘁𝗼 𝗣𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻 Between 𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟯 and 𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟴, Johann Sebastian Bach passed…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 𝗥𝗨𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗨𝗚𝗛𝗘𝗦 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗘𝗟𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗘𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗟𝗦𝗦𝗢𝗛𝗡 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘, 𝗕𝗔𝗟𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘, 𝗙𝗔𝗠𝗜𝗟𝗬, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗖𝗘 After the storms of Beethoven and the moral turbulence of Weber, Rupert Hughes turns…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 𝗥𝗨𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗨𝗚𝗛𝗘𝗦 𝗪𝗘𝗕𝗘𝗥’𝗦 𝗘𝗠𝗢𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗢𝗦 𝗙𝗟𝗜𝗥𝗧𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡, 𝗔𝗠𝗕𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗦𝗘𝗟𝗙-𝗥𝗘𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠 In Rupert Hughes’s account of 𝗖𝗮𝗿𝗹 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝘃𝗼𝗻 𝗪𝗲𝗯𝗲𝗿, the young composer’s emotional life does not…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 𝗥𝗨𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗨𝗚𝗛𝗘𝗦 𝗪𝗘𝗕𝗘𝗥’𝗦 𝗘𝗠𝗢𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗢𝗦 𝗙𝗟𝗜𝗥𝗧𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡, 𝗔𝗠𝗕𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗦𝗘𝗟𝗙-𝗥𝗘𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠 In Rupert Hughes’s account of 𝗖𝗮𝗿𝗹 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝘃𝗼𝗻 𝗪𝗲𝗯𝗲𝗿, the young composer’s emotional life does not…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 𝗥𝗨𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗨𝗚𝗛𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 - 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗕𝗨𝗠𝗕𝗟𝗘𝗕𝗘𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 In Rupert Hughes’s portrait of Beethoven, love does not enter as a graceful ornament, nor as…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜𝗜 𝗥𝗨𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗨𝗚𝗛𝗘𝗦 𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 — 𝗦𝗢𝗡𝗚, 𝗟𝗢𝗡𝗘𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗦, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗔𝗧 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗔𝗠𝗘 𝗣𝗔𝗜𝗡 Within the miscellaneous abundance of Rupert Hughes’s 𝗢𝗺𝗻𝗶𝗯𝘂𝘀 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿, one figure rises…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜𝗜 𝗥𝗨𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗨𝗚𝗛𝗘𝗦 𝗪𝗔𝗚𝗡𝗘𝗥, 𝗖𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗠𝗔, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗗𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗬 After the painful, humiliating, and emotionally exhausted story of 𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗲𝗿 and 𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗣𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗲𝗿,…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗨𝗘 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗡𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 “𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗦𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲” 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟭.𝟯 — 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗜𝗺𝗮𝗴𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 The image of Johann Sebastian Bach that emerges from…

𝗘𝗗𝗚𝗔𝗥 𝗔𝗟𝗟𝗔𝗡 𝗣𝗢𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗘𝗱𝗴𝗮𝗿 𝗔𝗹𝗹𝗮𝗻 𝗣𝗼𝗲, born in Boston on 19 January 1809 and dead in Baltimore on 7 October 1849, was not a musician in the professional…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗨𝗘: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗬𝗧𝗛 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗘𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗 𝗜. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗯𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗱 The prologue does not begin with the mature composer, nor with the operas, symphonies, or Viennese…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟭 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗻 𝗙𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗮𝗹, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝗩𝗶𝘀𝗶𝘁 𝗧𝗼 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗮 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗦𝗼𝗻𝗴𝘀, 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗮’𝘀 𝗗𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵, 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀’𝘀 𝗜𝗹𝗹𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝗣𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰 𝗔𝗽𝗽𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲𝘀,…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦— 𝗔𝗟𝗘𝗦𝗦𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗥𝗢 𝗦𝗖𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗧𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗘𝗠𝗡 𝗙𝗔𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗡𝗘𝗔𝗣𝗢𝗟𝗜𝗧𝗔𝗡 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗬 𝗢𝗙 𝗗𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗖𝗢 𝗦𝗖𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗧𝗜 𝗔𝗹𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗿𝗼 𝗦𝗰𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗶 occupies a commanding but strangely shadowed place in the history of music.…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦— 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗨𝗗𝗜𝗢 𝗠𝗢𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗗𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗪𝗜𝗗𝗢𝗪𝗘𝗗 𝗥𝗘𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗬 𝗕𝗘𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘, 𝗙𝗔𝗠𝗜𝗟𝗬, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗥𝗖𝗛 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗼 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗶 occupies one of the decisive places in the history of Western music. He stands at…

𝗟𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮 𝗔𝗹𝗯𝗮𝗻𝗲𝘀𝗲 — 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗼𝗽𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗼 𝗢𝗳 𝗣𝘂𝗰𝗰𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗧𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀, 𝗩𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗟𝘆𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗶𝘀𝗺, 𝗔𝗻𝗱 𝗘𝘅𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗼𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗲𝘃𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗟𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮 𝗔𝗹𝗯𝗮𝗻𝗲𝘀𝗲 was one of the most beloved Italian-born sopranos of the twentieth century, especially admired for her interpretations of the…

𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗼 𝗧𝗮𝗺𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗼 — 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗼𝗶𝗰 𝗧𝗲𝗻𝗼𝗿 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗖𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗩𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗶’𝘀 𝗢𝘁𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗼 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗼 𝗧𝗮𝗺𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗼 was one of the most powerful and celebrated dramatic tenors of the nineteenth century, a singer whose name is forever linked with…

𝗙𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗩𝗮𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗶 — 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗖𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗿𝗲𝗲 𝗢𝗳 𝗩𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗶’𝘀 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗥𝗼𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗙𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗩𝗮𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗶 was one of the most important Italian baritones of the nineteenth century, not only because of the distinction of his…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟳 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗛𝗮𝗺𝗯𝘂𝗿𝗴 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗰 𝗝𝘂𝗯𝗶𝗹𝗲𝗲, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗼, 𝗢𝗽. 𝟳𝟲, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻 𝗦𝗼𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗮, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗼 𝗥𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘀𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗲𝘀, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗢𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲𝘀, 𝗔𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘂…

𝗔 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗲𝘀𝗲 𝗠𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝗶𝗻 𝗦𝗶𝘅 𝗤𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗲𝘁𝘀 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘂𝗺𝗲𝗱 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗶𝘅 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗤𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗲𝘁𝘀, 𝗔𝗻𝗵. 𝟮 𝗤𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗲𝘁𝘁𝗼 𝗔𝗹𝗹𝗮 𝗠𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗲𝗿𝗮 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗮 — 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗮𝗻𝗮, 𝗔𝟱𝟵𝟭 There is something deeply fascinating about music that survives without a secure name.…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗘𝗚𝗜𝗡𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚: 𝗔𝗡 𝗢𝗥𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗦 𝗜𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗣𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗿 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝗻 𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟮 𝗔 𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗼𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮 𝗯𝗼𝗿𝗻 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗿𝗼𝘆𝗮𝗹 𝗽𝗮𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗴𝗲, 𝗯𝘂𝘁 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗿𝗲𝗯𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗼𝗻 The history of the Berliner Philharmoniker does not begin…

𝗡𝗮𝗼𝘂𝗺 𝗕𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗥𝘂𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗮𝗻-𝗔𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗻 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁, 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗺𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿, 𝗔𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗢𝗳 𝗜𝘀𝗮𝗮𝗰 𝗦𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻 𝗡𝗮𝗼𝘂𝗺 𝗕𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿 — born on 𝗝𝘂𝗹𝘆 𝟭𝟵, 𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟵, in 𝗬𝗲𝘃𝗽𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗮, then part of the 𝗥𝘂𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗘𝗺𝗽𝗶𝗿𝗲 and today in 𝗨𝗸𝗿𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗲, and died on 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 𝗖. 𝗙. 𝗔𝗯𝗱𝘆 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗺𝘀 — 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜𝗜 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗘𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗻𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝘁𝗼 𝗔𝗿𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗱𝘁: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗢𝗳 𝗔 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀 𝗜. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗽𝗶𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘂𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝗻𝗱 𝗔𝗿𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗣𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗶𝘁 𝗔𝘁 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗢𝗳 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜𝗜 Chapter II…