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𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡, 𝗕𝗬 𝗝. 𝗖𝗨𝗧𝗛𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗗𝗘𝗡 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟳 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗧𝗛, 𝗡𝗔𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗘, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗨𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗘 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗘 𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗪𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 There are artists whose genius burns brightest in youth, and…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟬 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗕𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗦𝗽𝗲𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟯𝟬𝘀 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟯𝟬𝘀: 𝗖𝗿𝗼𝘀𝘀𝗿𝗼𝗮𝗱𝘀, 𝗖𝗼𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗲𝗵𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝘀, 𝗥𝗼𝘆𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝗺𝗯𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗲𝗿-Ü𝗯𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗔𝘀 𝗮 𝗣𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰 𝗠𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗳𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗼…

𝗜𝗚𝗢𝗥 𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗩𝗜𝗡𝗦𝗞𝗬: 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦, 𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗢𝗚𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗦𝗬𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗬 𝗢𝗙 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗧𝗥𝗢𝗟 To speak of 𝗜𝗴𝗼𝗿 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗻𝘀𝗸𝘆’𝘀 𝗮𝗿𝗿𝗼𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 requires caution. He was not merely arrogant in a simple or vulgar sense. He was a profoundly complex personality:…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟵 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗮𝗿 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗽𝗼𝗶𝗻𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗣𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗶𝗻 𝗟𝗲𝗶𝗽𝘇𝗶𝗴: 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗲𝗿, 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿, 𝗧𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿, 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗮𝗿, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗧𝗵𝗼𝘂𝗴𝗵𝘁 After the first…

𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡, 𝗕𝗬 𝗝. 𝗖𝗨𝗧𝗛𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗗𝗘𝗡 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟲 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗 𝗟𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗢𝗡 𝗩𝗜𝗦𝗜𝗧 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗥𝗢𝗪𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗥𝗘𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗡 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗤𝗨𝗘𝗥𝗢𝗥 When 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗛𝗮𝘆𝗱𝗻 returned to England in 𝟭𝟳𝟵𝟰, he did not arrive…

𝗞𝗔𝗥𝗔𝗝𝗔𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗢𝗥𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗦: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗧𝗥𝗢𝗟, 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗚𝗡𝗘𝗧𝗜𝗦𝗠 𝗢𝗙 𝗦𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗗 Few conductors in the twentieth century had a relationship with orchestral musicians as intense, productive, controversial, and psychologically complex as 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝘃𝗼𝗻…

𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡, 𝗕𝗬 𝗝. 𝗖𝗨𝗧𝗛𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗗𝗘𝗡 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟱 𝗢𝗫𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗, 𝗦𝗔𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗨𝗕𝗟𝗜𝗖 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗣𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗬 𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗦 𝗔 𝗘𝗨𝗥𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗔𝗡 𝗠𝗢𝗡𝗨𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗪𝗛𝗘𝗡 𝗙𝗔𝗠𝗘 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗦 𝗜𝗡𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗧𝗨𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 The first London journey did more than give 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡 𝗦𝗔𝗟𝗭𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗚 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟭 𝗔 𝗠𝗢𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗥’𝗦 𝗗𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗛 ════════════════════════════ 𝗜. 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗠 𝗢𝗙 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗩𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗛𝗢𝗠𝗘 Every child imagines, at some point, that beyond the familiar house there lies a freer kingdom:…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟴 𝗥𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗮 𝗩𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗢𝗳𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗖𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗗𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗶𝗻 𝗟𝗲𝗶𝗽𝘇𝗶𝗴: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟮𝟬𝘀 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗔𝗿𝗿𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗱 𝗮𝘀 𝗮 𝗖𝗮𝗽𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗺𝗲𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿: 𝗖𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗮𝘀, 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗼𝗹, 𝗖𝗶𝘁𝘆, 𝗮𝗻𝗱…

𝗣𝗨𝗦𝗛𝗞𝗜𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗢𝗘𝗧 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗔𝗠𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗢𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗥𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔 No Russian writer has exerted a deeper, wider, or more decisive influence on music than 𝗔𝗹𝗲𝘅𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗲𝘆𝗲𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗣𝘂𝘀𝗵𝗸𝗶𝗻. If 𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗸𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗲 became the…

𝗧𝗢𝗟𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗬 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗗, 𝗙𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗘𝗗, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗝𝗨𝗗𝗚𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗢𝗪𝗘𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗦𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗗 Few great writers had a relationship with music as fascinating, contradictory, and morally charged as 𝗟𝗲𝗼 𝗧𝗼𝗹𝘀𝘁𝗼𝘆. He was not…

𝗗𝗢𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗘𝗩𝗦𝗞𝗬 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝗔𝗕𝗬𝗦𝗦 Few writers have influenced the musical imagination as powerfully as 𝗙𝘆𝗼𝗱𝗼𝗿 𝗠𝗶𝗸𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗹𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗗𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗲𝘃𝘀𝗸𝘆. He was not a composer, not a professional music critic, and not…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟳 𝗣𝘂𝗿𝘀𝘂𝗶𝗻𝗴 “𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗦𝘂𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗼𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆” 𝗖𝗮𝗽𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗺𝗲𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝗻 𝗖𝗼̈𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗻, 𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟳–𝟭𝟳𝟮𝟯 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼̈𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗻 𝗬𝗲𝗮𝗿𝘀: 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗹𝘆 𝗣𝗮𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗴𝗲, 𝗜𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗠𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘆, 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗹𝘀, 𝗟𝗼𝘀𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗮𝗻𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳…

𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡, 𝗕𝗬 𝗝. 𝗖𝗨𝗧𝗛𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗗𝗘𝗡 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟰 𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗨𝗠𝗣𝗛 𝗜𝗡 𝗘𝗡𝗚𝗟𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗦𝗧 𝗟𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗢𝗡 𝗝𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗬 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥 𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗦 𝗜𝗡 𝗔 𝗡𝗘𝗪 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗 When 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗛𝗮𝘆𝗱𝗻 reached England at the beginning of 𝟭𝟳𝟵𝟭, he entered…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡 𝗦𝗔𝗟𝗭𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗚 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟵 𝗔 𝗙𝗢𝗢𝗟’𝗦 𝗘𝗥𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗗 ════════════════════════════ 𝗜. 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗝𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗬 𝗧𝗛𝗔𝗧 𝗕𝗘𝗚𝗔𝗡 𝗔𝗦 𝗟𝗜𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 In September 1777, Mozart left Salzburg with his mother, 𝗔𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝗠𝗼𝘇𝗮𝗿𝘁, to seek his…

𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡, 𝗕𝗬 𝗝. 𝗖𝗨𝗧𝗛𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗗𝗘𝗡 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟯 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗢𝗡 𝗖𝗔𝗟𝗟 𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗩𝗘𝗦 𝗔𝗨𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗔 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗘𝗡𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗 For nearly three decades, 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗛𝗮𝘆𝗱𝗻 had lived within the orbit of the 𝗘𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗵𝗮́𝘇𝘆 family.…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟲 𝗘𝘅𝗽𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗛𝗼𝗿𝗶𝘇𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗺𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝗻 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗿, 𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟰–𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟳 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗛𝗲𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗻’𝘀 𝗖𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗹𝗲: 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗮𝘀 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗺𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿, 𝗖𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗰𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗧𝗵𝗼𝘂𝗴𝗵𝘁 In 𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟰, Johann…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟱 𝗘𝘅𝗽𝗹𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 “𝗘𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗔𝗿𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗿𝘆” 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗿𝘁 𝗢𝗿𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗮𝗺𝗺𝗲𝗿 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝘂𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗿, 𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟴–𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟰 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗿: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗹𝗮𝗰𝗲 𝗪𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗲 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗕𝗲𝗰𝗮𝗺𝗲 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 When Johann Sebastian Bach…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗘𝗗 𝗪𝗔𝗚𝗡𝗘𝗥 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔𝗦 𝗔 𝗝𝗼𝘂𝗿𝗻𝗲𝘆 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗥𝗶𝗲𝗻𝘇𝗶 𝘁𝗼 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝘀𝗶𝗳𝗮𝗹 To choose a recording of a Wagner opera is never a neutral decision. It is not only a question of sound quality, famous…

𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗚𝗜𝗨 𝗖𝗘𝗟𝗜𝗕𝗜𝗗𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗔𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗧𝗢 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗶𝘂 𝗖𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗯𝗶𝗱𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲 𝟭𝟵𝟭𝟮–𝟭𝟵𝟵𝟲 Sergiu Celibidache’s distance from opera was not a simple dislike of singing or theatre, but a consequence of his entire musical philosophy. For him,…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡 𝗦𝗔𝗟𝗭𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗚 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟴 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥’𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗜𝗖𝗘 ════════════════════════════ 𝗜. 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗤𝗨𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗩𝗢𝗜𝗖𝗘 After the chapter of Salzburg as Mozart’s ambiguous home—admiring him, employing him, limiting him, and eventually…

𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡, 𝗕𝗬 𝗝. 𝗖𝗨𝗧𝗛𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗗𝗘𝗡 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟭 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔𝗦, 𝗕𝗔𝗥𝗬𝗧𝗢𝗡𝗦, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗧 𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗧𝗔𝗜𝗡𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗦 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗔𝗜𝗟𝗬 𝗟𝗔𝗕𝗢𝗨𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦 𝗔𝗦 𝗗𝗔𝗜𝗟𝗬 𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗩𝗜𝗖𝗘 The life of 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗛𝗮𝘆𝗱𝗻 at 𝗘𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗵𝗮́𝘇𝗮 cannot be understood if one…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡 𝗦𝗔𝗟𝗭𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗚 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟳 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗔𝗩𝗢𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗘 𝗦𝗢𝗡 ════════════════════════════ 𝗜. 𝗦𝗔𝗟𝗭𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗚 𝗔𝗙𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗜𝗧𝗔𝗟𝗬 After the dazzling Italian journeys, Mozart returned to Salzburg on 13 March 1773. He was no longer merely…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗟𝗘𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗣𝗦𝗬𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗙𝗜𝗟𝗘 The best documentary basis for this kind of reading is 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘕𝘦𝘸 𝘉𝘢𝘤𝘩 𝘙𝘦𝘢𝘥𝘦𝘳, edited by Hans T. David and Arthur Mendel, revised and enlarged by…