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𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡, 𝗕𝗬 𝗝. 𝗖𝗨𝗧𝗛𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗗𝗘𝗡 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟱 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗨𝗡𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗣𝗬 𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗜𝗔𝗚𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗔𝗠𝗕𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗗𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗔𝗣𝗣𝗢𝗜𝗡𝗧𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗔 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗦𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗢𝗪 𝗔𝗧 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗙𝗘𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗗𝗔𝗪𝗡 The years around 𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟵–𝟭𝟳𝟲𝟬 should have been, and in…

𝗭𝗗𝗘𝗡𝗘̌𝗞 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗟𝗔𝗕𝗔𝗟𝗔 — 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝘇𝗲𝗰𝗵 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗕𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝗗𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗮, 𝗖𝗼𝗹𝗼𝘂𝗿, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗡𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗜𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮 𝗣𝗶𝘁 𝗭𝗱𝗲𝗻𝗲̌𝗸 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗹𝗮𝗯𝗮𝗹𝗮 was one of the essential Czech conductors of the twentieth century, especially…

𝗗𝘃𝗼𝗿̌𝗮́𝗸 — 𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗰 𝗣𝗼𝗲𝗺𝘀 — 𝗭𝗱𝗲𝗻𝗲̌𝗸 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗹𝗮𝗯𝗮𝗹𝗮 𝗗𝘃𝗼𝗿̌𝗮́𝗸: The Water Goblin — Vodník, Op. 107 𝗗𝘃𝗼𝗿̌𝗮́𝗸: The Noon Witch — Polednice, Op. 108 𝗗𝘃𝗼𝗿̌𝗮́𝗸: The Golden Spinning Wheel — Zlatý kolovrat, Op. 109 𝗗𝘃𝗼𝗿̌𝗮́𝗸:…

𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗔 𝗠𝗢𝗥𝗜𝗡𝗜 — 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗲𝘀𝗲 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗥𝗲𝗳𝘂𝘀𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗼 𝗕𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗢𝗻𝗹𝘆 𝗮𝘀 “𝗮 𝗪𝗼𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁” 𝗘𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗮 𝗠𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗶 was one of the most remarkable violinists of the twentieth century: a child prodigy…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗔 𝗠𝗢𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗡 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗢𝗙 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 Christoph Wolff’s 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗦𝗲𝗯𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗻𝗲𝗱 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻 is one of the most important modern biographies of Bach. First…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗨𝗘 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗡𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 “𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗦𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲” 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟭.𝟮 — 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗮𝘀 𝗞𝗻𝗼𝘄𝗹𝗲𝗱𝗴𝗲, 𝗖𝗿𝗮𝗳𝘁, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗶𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲 To understand Johann Sebastian Bach only as a…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗨𝗘 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗡𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 “𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗦𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲” 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟭.𝟭 — 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗮𝘀 𝗠𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗮𝗻 𝗮 𝗖𝗵𝘂𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻 Johann Sebastian Bach has often been imagined…

𝗥𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗹 𝗮𝘁 𝗢𝘅𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗱 In 𝗢𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟵𝟮𝟴, 𝗥𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗹 was awarded an honorary doctorate of music at the 𝗨𝗻𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗢𝘅𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗱.

𝗪𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗜𝗔𝗠 𝗦𝗛𝗔𝗞𝗘𝗦𝗣𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗺 𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗸𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗲 — 𝟭𝟱𝟲𝟰–𝟭𝟲𝟭𝟲 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗺 𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗸𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗲 was not merely the greatest dramatist of the English language; he became one of the most inexhaustible literary sources for…

𝗣𝗜𝗘𝗥𝗥𝗘 𝗕𝗘𝗔𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗜𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗣𝗶𝗲𝗿𝗿𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗮𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝘀 — 𝟭𝟳𝟯𝟮–𝟭𝟳𝟵𝟵 𝗣𝗶𝗲𝗿𝗿𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗮𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝘀 is one of the French writers who most profoundly influenced the history of classical music, above all because he created…

𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗧𝗔𝗜𝗥𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗩𝗼𝗹𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗿𝗲 — 𝟭𝟲𝟵𝟰–𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟴 𝗩𝗼𝗹𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗿𝗲 occupies a distinctive place among French writers connected with classical music. He was not primarily a musical poet in the intimate sense of…

𝗠𝗢𝗟𝗜𝗘̀𝗥𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗠𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗲̀𝗿𝗲 — 𝟭𝟲𝟮𝟮–𝟭𝟲𝟳𝟯 𝗠𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗲̀𝗿𝗲 occupies a special place among French writers connected with classical music because his relationship with music was not only indirect or posthumous. Unlike…

𝗧𝗜𝗥𝗦𝗢 𝗗𝗘 𝗠𝗢𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗔 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗧𝗶𝗿𝘀𝗼 𝗱𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗮 — 𝗰. 𝟭𝟱𝟳𝟵–𝟭𝟲𝟰𝟴 After 𝗠𝗶𝗴𝘂𝗲𝗹 𝗱𝗲 𝗖𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗲𝘀, 𝗧𝗶𝗿𝘀𝗼 𝗱𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗮 is probably the Spanish writer whose indirect influence on classical music was…

𝗠𝗜𝗚𝗨𝗘𝗟 𝗗𝗘 𝗖𝗘𝗥𝗩𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗦, 𝗗𝗢𝗡 𝗤𝗨𝗜𝗫𝗢𝗧𝗘, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗜𝗥 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗠𝗶𝗴𝘂𝗲𝗹 𝗱𝗲 𝗖𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗲𝘀 — 𝟭𝟱𝟰𝟳–𝟭𝟲𝟭𝟲 𝗠𝗶𝗴𝘂𝗲𝗹 𝗱𝗲 𝗖𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗲𝘀, the author of 𝗗𝗼𝗻 𝗤𝘂𝗶𝘅𝗼𝘁𝗲, occupies a unique place in the history of literature and…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗚𝗔𝗡𝗚 𝗩𝗢𝗡 𝗚𝗢𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗪𝗼𝗹𝗳𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗴 𝘃𝗼𝗻 𝗚𝗼𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗲 — 𝟭𝟳𝟰𝟵–𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟮 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗪𝗼𝗹𝗳𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗴 𝘃𝗼𝗻 𝗚𝗼𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗲 was perhaps the most important German literary figure for classical music. His poetry, dramas,…

𝗛𝗘𝗜𝗡𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗛 𝗛𝗘𝗜𝗡𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗲 — 𝟭𝟳𝟵𝟳–𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟲 𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗲 was one of the most musical poets of the German language and one of the supreme literary sources of the…

𝗘. 𝗧. 𝗔. 𝗛𝗢𝗙𝗙𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗘. 𝗧. 𝗔. 𝗛𝗼𝗳𝗳𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 — 𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟲–𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟮 𝗘. 𝗧. 𝗔. 𝗛𝗼𝗳𝗳𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 was one of the most extraordinary figures in German Romantic culture: writer, composer, music…

𝗙𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗗𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗛 𝗡𝗜𝗘𝗧𝗭𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗱𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗡𝗶𝗲𝘁𝘇𝘀𝗰𝗵𝗲 — 𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟰–𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟬 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗱𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗡𝗶𝗲𝘁𝘇𝘀𝗰𝗵𝗲 was not only one of the most influential philosophers of the modern age; he was also one of the thinkers…

𝗙𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗗𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗛 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗘𝗥 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗱𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗿 — 𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟵–𝟭𝟴𝟬𝟱 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗱𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗿 occupies a special place among writers whose works entered the history of classical music. He was not only one of…

𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗗 𝗕𝗬𝗥𝗢𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗟𝗼𝗿𝗱 𝗕𝘆𝗿𝗼𝗻, born George Gordon Byron in London on 22 January 1788 and dead at Missolonghi, Greece, on 19 April 1824, was one of the most…

𝗢𝗦𝗖𝗔𝗥 𝗪𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗢𝘀𝗰𝗮𝗿 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗱𝗲, born in Dublin on 16 October 1854 and dead in Paris on 30 November 1900, was not a composer, nor was music the central…

𝗘𝗗𝗚𝗔𝗥 𝗔𝗟𝗟𝗔𝗡 𝗣𝗢𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗘𝗱𝗴𝗮𝗿 𝗔𝗹𝗹𝗮𝗻 𝗣𝗼𝗲, born in Boston on 19 January 1809 and dead in Baltimore on 7 October 1849, was not a musician in the professional…

𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗘𝗦 𝗗𝗜𝗖𝗞𝗘𝗡𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗗𝗶𝗰𝗸𝗲𝗻𝘀 was not a composer, nor was he primarily a musical thinker in the way that Goethe, Hoffmann, Tolstoy, or Thomas Mann could be said…