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𝗦𝗔𝗜𝗡𝗧-𝗦𝗔𝗘𝗡𝗦’𝗦 𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗥𝗨𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗣𝗜𝗘𝗖𝗘𝗦 — 𝗙𝗔𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗬𝗢𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 “𝗢𝗥𝗚𝗔𝗡” 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗣𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗬 Camille Saint-Saëns has often suffered from the very qualities that made him extraordinary. His technique seemed effortless, his craftsmanship was impeccable,…

𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗨𝗡𝗝𝗨𝗦𝗧𝗟𝗬 𝗨𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗩𝗔𝗟𝗨𝗘𝗗 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔𝗦 𝗜𝗡 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗛𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗥𝗬 The operatic repertory is not a neutral museum of masterpieces. It is the result of institutional tradition, language, economics, star singers, political history, editorial availability and theatrical…

𝗦𝗜𝗕𝗘𝗟𝗜𝗨𝗦’𝗦 𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗥𝗨𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗣𝗜𝗘𝗖𝗘𝗦 — 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗡𝗜𝗦𝗛 𝗠𝗬𝗧𝗛 𝗧𝗢 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗥𝗘𝗜𝗡𝗩𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗣𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗬 Jean Sibelius is often described as the musical voice of Finland: a composer of forests, lakes, swans, northern darkness and…

𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗕𝘆 𝗝𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 — 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝗮𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟬𝟳 — 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗗𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗔𝗱𝗮𝗺 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 The death of 𝗔𝗱𝗮𝗺 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 in 𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟳 was one of the first great…

𝗗𝗩𝗢𝗥𝗔𝗞’𝗦 𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗥𝗨𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗣𝗜𝗘𝗖𝗘𝗦 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗞𝗦 𝗧𝗛𝗔𝗧 𝗥𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗔𝗟 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗙𝗨𝗟𝗟 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦 Antonin Dvorak is sometimes reduced to three familiar emblems: the New World Symphony, the Cello Concerto and the Slavonic Dances. Yet his…

𝗗𝗼𝗺𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗼 𝗖𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗿𝗼𝘀𝗮’𝘀 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘀 — 𝗔 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗚𝘂𝗶𝗱𝗲 Cimarosa composed more than sixty securely documented operas, although older catalogues sometimes claim over eighty by counting revisions, alternative titles, doubtful attributions and works written partly by…

𝗖𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗿𝗼𝘀𝗮 – 𝗜𝗹 𝗠𝗮𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗼 𝗦𝗲𝗴𝗿𝗲𝘁𝗼 – 𝗗𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗲𝗹 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗯𝗼𝗶𝗺 https://www.patreon.com/ClassicMusicComposersGroup/posts/cimarosa-il-163511926?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link 𝗜𝗟 𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗠𝗢𝗡𝗜𝗢 𝗦𝗘𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗧𝗢 — 𝗖𝗜𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗢𝗦𝗔’𝗦 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗜𝗖 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗣𝗜𝗘𝗖𝗘 𝗜𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗢𝗪 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 Domenico Cimarosa’s Il matrimonio segreto is one of the finest surviving examples of…

𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗕𝘆 𝗝𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 — 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝗮𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟬𝟲 — 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗟𝗲 𝗣𝗲𝘁𝗶𝘁 𝗟𝗶𝘁𝘇 After 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, the young Franz Liszt entered the city that would give his…

𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 — 𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗞 𝗝𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗢𝗫𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗦 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟵 — 𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗗 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗜𝗡 𝗟𝗘𝗜𝗣𝗭𝗜𝗚 𝗔𝗙𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗜𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥𝗬, 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗛𝗢𝗨𝗦𝗘𝗛𝗢𝗟𝗗 After so many years of waiting, secrecy, humiliation, legal anxiety,…

𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 — 𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗞 𝗝𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗢𝗫𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗦 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟴 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗢 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦, 𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟰–𝟯𝟵 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗢 𝗔𝗦 𝗔 𝗦𝗘𝗖𝗥𝗘𝗧 𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗥𝗘 Between 1834 and 1839, Robert Schumann created the piano…

𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗕𝘆 𝗝𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 — 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝗮𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟬𝟱 — 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮: 𝗖𝘇𝗲𝗿𝗻𝘆, 𝗦𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗲𝗿𝗶, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻 The journey from 𝗥𝗮𝗶𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 to 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮 was the first decisive movement in Franz…

𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡’𝗦 𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗟𝗩𝗘 𝗧𝗥𝗨𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗣𝗜𝗘𝗖𝗘𝗦: 𝗪𝗛𝗘𝗥𝗘 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗔𝗠𝗘𝗦 𝗗𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗬 To choose Beethoven’s twelve “true” masterpieces is not simply to choose his most famous works. Fame is not enough. Beethoven wrote works so central to Western…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗥𝗨𝗘 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗣𝗜𝗘𝗖𝗘𝗦: 𝗪𝗛𝗘𝗥𝗘 𝗕𝗘𝗔𝗨𝗧𝗬 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗦 𝗔𝗕𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗧𝗘 To choose Mozart’s ten “true” masterpieces is not to choose merely the most famous works, nor even the most immediately seductive. Mozart wrote too much…

𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗟𝗜𝗦𝗭𝗧’𝗦 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗥𝗘𝗡: 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦, 𝗔𝗕𝗦𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘, 𝗟𝗢𝗦𝗦, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗛𝗮𝗽𝗽𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗼 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁’𝘀 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱𝗿𝗲𝗻? Franz Liszt’s private life cannot be understood only through the dazzling image of the travelling…

𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗕𝘆 𝗝𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 — 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝗮𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟬𝟰 — 𝗥𝗮𝗶𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟭: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗲𝘁 Franz Liszt entered the world under a sign that seemed made…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗔 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟮𝟰 𝗙𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗙𝗨𝗟 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗠𝗘𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗦 ════════════════════════════ 𝗜. 𝗕𝗘𝗔𝗨𝗧𝗬 𝗔𝗦 𝗗𝗔𝗡𝗚𝗘𝗥 After the worlds of 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗢𝗡𝗥𝗬, 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗭𝗢𝗥𝗢𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗡 𝗥𝗜𝗗𝗗𝗟𝗘𝗦, and 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗔𝗟𝗘𝗦𝗤𝗨𝗘 𝗗𝗜𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗜𝗢𝗡, Solomon turns to Mozart’s music itself, especially…

𝗣𝗬𝗢𝗧𝗥 𝗜𝗟𝗬𝗜𝗖𝗛 𝗧𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗜𝗞𝗢𝗩𝗦𝗞𝗬: 𝗔 𝗧𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗗 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗕𝗘𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦, 𝗟𝗢𝗡𝗘𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗦, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗘𝗠𝗢𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗘𝗫𝗖𝗘𝗦𝗦 To describe 𝗣𝘆𝗼𝘁𝗿 𝗜𝗹𝘆𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗧𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗸𝗼𝘃𝘀𝗸𝘆 as a tormented man is not a romantic exaggeration, but neither should it become a simplistic legend.…

𝗗𝗢𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗘𝗩𝗦𝗞𝗬 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗧𝗜𝗠𝗘 𝗡𝗼𝘁 𝗱𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗰𝘁 𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗮𝗯𝗼𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀, 𝗯𝘂𝘁 𝗮 𝗽𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿𝗳𝘂𝗹 𝘀𝗽𝗶𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘂𝗮𝗹 𝗶𝗻𝗳𝗹𝘂𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 Strictly speaking, 𝗙𝘆𝗼𝗱𝗼𝗿 𝗗𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗲𝘃𝘀𝗸𝘆 did not collaborate with musicians in the practical sense in which a librettist collaborates with…

𝗧𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗮𝘀𝗼 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗲𝘁𝘁𝗮 - 𝗜𝗳𝗶𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗮 𝗶𝗻 𝗧𝗮𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗱𝗲 (1763) - 𝗟𝗲𝘀 𝗧𝗮𝗹𝗲𝗻𝘀 𝗟𝘆𝗿𝗶𝗾𝘂𝗲𝘀 - 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗼𝘂𝘀𝘀𝗲𝘁 https://www.patreon.com/ClassicMusicComposersGroup/posts/traetta-ifigenia-163223355?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link 𝗔 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗴𝗼𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝗠𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗽𝗶𝗲𝗰𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗚𝗹𝘂𝗰𝗸’𝘀 𝗥𝗲𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺 𝗜𝗳𝗶𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗮 𝗶𝗻 𝗧𝗮𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗱𝗲 is one of the most important and…

𝗧𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 – 𝗦𝗶𝗲𝗴 𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗦𝗰𝗵ö𝗻𝗵𝗲𝗶𝘁 - 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗩𝗶𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗕𝗲𝗮𝘂𝘁𝘆 – 𝗦𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀𝗽𝗶𝗲𝗹 𝗶𝗻 𝗧𝗵𝗿𝗲𝗲 𝗔𝗰𝘁𝘀 - Braunschweig Version 1728 - 𝗔𝗸𝗮𝗱𝗲𝗺𝗶𝗲 𝗳ü𝗿 𝗔𝗹𝘁𝗲 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗸 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗻 - 𝗠𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗲𝗹 𝗛𝗼𝗳𝘀𝘁𝗲𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗿 https://www.patreon.com/ClassicMusicComposersGroup/posts/telemann-sieg-163223010?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link 𝗟𝗶𝗯𝗿𝗲𝘁𝘁𝗼 𝗯𝘆 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗹…

𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗿𝗴𝗲 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗰 𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗟 (𝟭𝟲𝟴𝟱–𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟵) 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗼𝗱𝗼𝗿𝗮, 𝗛𝗪𝗩 𝟲𝟴 https://www.patreon.com/ClassicMusicComposersGroup/posts/handel-theodora-163222129?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link 𝗢𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗼 𝗶𝗻 𝟯 𝗮𝗰𝘁𝘀 First performed at the 𝗖𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗚𝗮𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗻 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗿𝗲, London March 16, 1750 𝗖𝗔𝗦𝗧 𝗦𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗶𝗲 𝗝𝘂𝗻𝗸𝗲𝗿, soprano — Theodora 𝗗𝗮𝗿𝗮 𝗦𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗼𝘃𝗮, mezzo-soprano — Irene…

𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗿𝗴𝗲 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗰 𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗟 (𝟭𝟲𝟴𝟱–𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟵) 𝗣𝗼𝗿𝗼, 𝗥𝗲 𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗹’𝗜𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗲, 𝗛𝗪𝗩 𝟮𝟴 https://www.patreon.com/ClassicMusicComposersGroup/posts/handel-poro-hwv-163219889?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮 𝘀𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝗶𝗻 𝟯 𝗮𝗰𝘁𝘀 London, 1731 𝗟𝗶𝗯𝗿𝗲𝘁𝘁𝗼: 𝗣𝗶𝗲𝘁𝗿𝗼 𝗠𝗲𝘁𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘀𝗶𝗼 𝗖𝗔𝗦𝗧 𝗗𝗼𝗿𝗼𝘁𝗮 𝗦𝘇𝗰𝘇𝗲𝗽𝗮ń𝘀𝗸𝗮, soprano — Cleofide 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗴𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗮 𝗦𝗹𝗲𝗽𝗮𝗸𝗼𝘃𝗮, mezzo-soprano — Erissena 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗸𝗼 𝗞𝗹𝗶𝘀𝗼𝘃𝗶ć, alto…

𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗿𝗴𝗲 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗰 𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗟 (𝟭𝟲𝟴𝟱–𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟵) 𝗧𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗼, 𝗛𝗪𝗩 𝟵 https://www.patreon.com/ClassicMusicComposersGroup/posts/handel-teseo-hwv-163219389?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮 𝘀𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝗶𝗻 𝟱 𝗮𝗰𝘁𝘀 London, 1713 𝗟𝗶𝗯𝗿𝗲𝘁𝘁𝗼: 𝗡𝗶𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗮 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗼 𝗛𝗮𝘆𝗺 after 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗽𝗽𝗲 𝗤𝘂𝗶𝗻𝗮𝘂𝗹𝘁, 𝗧𝗵é𝘀é𝗲 𝗖𝗔𝗦𝗧 𝗖𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗼𝘁𝘁𝗮 𝗖𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗺𝗯𝗼, soprano — Medea 𝗔𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗞𝗼𝗲𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿, soprano — Clizia…

𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 — 𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗞 𝗝𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗢𝗫𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗦 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟲 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗚𝗨𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗗𝗔𝗩𝗜𝗗 𝗔𝗡 𝗜𝗠𝗔𝗚𝗜𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗬 𝗕𝗥𝗢𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗥𝗛𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗙𝗢𝗥 𝗔 𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗟 𝗕𝗔𝗧𝗧𝗟𝗘 In the early 1830s, Robert Schumann began to…