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𝐓𝐮𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐨 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐟𝐢𝐧: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐒𝐡𝐚𝐩𝐞𝐝 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚, 𝐂𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐬, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐁𝐞𝐥 𝐂𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐧 𝐀𝐠𝐞 There are opera conductors who serve repertory, and there are opera conductors who seem almost to stand…

𝐎𝐭𝐭𝐨 𝐊𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐧 𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐬, 𝐎𝐧𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝐎𝐧𝐞 Otto Klemperer’s Beethoven belongs among the most imposing achievements in the discography of the twentieth century. His Philharmonia recordings, mainly made between 1955 and…

𝐆𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐒𝐳𝐞𝐥𝐥 𝐢𝐧 𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐬, 𝐎𝐧𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝐎𝐧𝐞 George Szell’s Beethoven cycle with The Cleveland Orchestra has long been regarded as one of the great Beethoven traversals on disc. Critics have repeatedly…

𝐋𝐞𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐁𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐬, 𝐕𝐢𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐨, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐨𝐬, 𝐎𝐧𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝐎𝐧𝐞 Complete Audio in Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/collection/2064329 Leonard Bernstein’s Beethoven discography is both rich and uneven. In the symphonies, the essential comparison…

𝐆𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐠 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐢 𝐢𝐧 𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐬, 𝐎𝐧𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝐎𝐧𝐞 Georg Solti recorded two complete Beethoven symphony cycles, both with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for London/Decca. The first was taped between May 1972 and September…

𝐄𝐥𝐢𝐳𝐚𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐡 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐳𝐤𝐨𝐩𝐟 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐖𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐠𝐞: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐀𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 Elizabeth Schwarzkopf and Walter Legge formed one of the most influential, complex, and frequently debated personal and artistic partnerships in the…

𝐑𝐄𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐄 𝐂𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐏𝐈𝐍 (𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟕–𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟕) 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐕𝐎𝐈𝐂𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐄 — 𝐀 𝐃𝐈𝐕𝐀 𝐁𝐄𝐓𝐖𝐄𝐄𝐍 𝐖𝐀𝐆𝐍𝐄𝐑, 𝐁𝐄𝐑𝐋𝐈𝐎𝐙 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐎𝐔𝐋 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐇 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐎𝐔𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐄 𝐑𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐂𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐢𝐧 (𝟐𝟑 𝐅𝐞𝐛𝐫𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟕 – 𝟓…

𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧 - 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐲 𝐍𝐨.𝟑 “𝐄𝐫𝐨𝐢𝐜𝐚” - 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐦 𝐅𝐮𝐫𝐭𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞𝐫 - 𝐖𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐤𝐞𝐫 - 𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟒 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbHD189DAp0&t=234s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbxD-_yNIKw (Good Sound) The 1944 Vienna performance of Beethoven’s Third Symphony conducted by Wilhelm Furtwangler with the Wiener Philharmoniker is…

𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧 - 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐲 𝐍𝐨.𝟑 - 𝐀𝐮𝐝𝐢𝐨 𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 in Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/collection/2053627 𝐁𝐄𝐄𝐓𝐇𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐍’𝐒 𝐓𝐇𝐈𝐑𝐃 𝐒𝐘𝐌𝐏𝐇𝐎𝐍𝐘, “𝐄𝐑𝐎𝐈𝐂𝐀”: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐇𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐎𝐅 𝐈𝐓𝐒 𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 Beethoven’s Third Symphony in E-flat major, Op. 55, universally known as the “Eroica”, stands at…

𝐆𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐯 𝐌𝐚𝐡𝐥𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟕: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐘𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐇𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐝 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐕𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐧𝐚’𝐬 𝐂𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞 𝐀 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐚𝐦𝐛𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐟𝐚𝐭𝐞 For Gustav Mahler, 1897 was not merely another year in a successful conducting career. It was…

𝐇𝐄𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐍 𝐀𝐁𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐑𝐎𝐓𝐇 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐏𝐑𝐔𝐒𝐒𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐒𝐓𝐔𝐃𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐓𝐎 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐆𝐄𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐍 𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐀𝐓 𝐁𝐑𝐔𝐂𝐊𝐍𝐄𝐑 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐁𝐄𝐄𝐓𝐇𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐍 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐈𝐍 𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐊𝐅𝐔𝐑𝐓 — 𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟑 𝐇𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐧 𝐀𝐛𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐡 was born…

𝐏𝐈𝐄𝐑𝐑𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐔𝐗 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐕𝐈𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐈𝐒𝐓 𝐓𝐎 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐀𝐓𝐎𝐍 𝐎𝐅 𝐑𝐄𝐕𝐎𝐋𝐔𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀𝐒𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐏𝐑𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐃𝐄𝐑𝐍 𝐄𝐑𝐀 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐈𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐇𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐒 — 𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝐏𝐢𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐞…

# **𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - Chapter 7 — *****Exsultate, Jubilate*** **1) Salzburg Again: Return, Frustration, and the Sense of Confinement** When **Leopold and Wolfgang returned to Salzburg on 28 March 1771**, the city…

𝐌𝐨𝐳𝐚𝐫𝐭 - 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐬 - 𝐂𝐡𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐇𝐨𝐠𝐰𝐨𝐨𝐝, 𝐉𝐚𝐚𝐩 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐞𝐝𝐞𝐫, 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐀𝐜𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐦𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜 https://www.patreon.com/posts/mozart-hogwood-138363908?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link 𝐌𝐨𝐳𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐑𝐞𝐛𝐨𝐫𝐧: 𝐖𝐡𝐲 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐛𝐲 𝐂𝐡𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐇𝐨𝐠𝐰𝐨𝐨𝐝, 𝐉𝐚𝐚𝐩 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐫ö𝐝𝐞𝐫, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐀𝐜𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐦𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤…

𝐌𝐨𝐳𝐚𝐫𝐭 - 𝐃𝐨𝐧 𝐆𝐢𝐨𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐢 - 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐚 𝐂𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐮𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐎𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚, 𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐨 𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚 𝐆𝐢𝐮𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐢 - [𝐃𝐨𝐧𝐧𝐚 𝐀𝐧𝐧𝐚] – 𝐉𝐨𝐚𝐧 𝐒𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐝 - [𝐃𝐨𝐧𝐧𝐚 𝐄𝐥𝐯𝐢𝐫𝐚] – 𝐄𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐚𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐡 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐳𝐤𝐨𝐩𝐟 - [𝐙𝐞𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐚] – 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐳𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐚 𝐒𝐜𝐢𝐮𝐭𝐭𝐢 - [𝐃𝐨𝐧 𝐎𝐭𝐭𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐨] – 𝐋𝐮𝐢𝐠𝐢…

𝐌𝐨𝐳𝐚𝐫𝐭 - 𝐋𝐞 𝐍𝐨𝐳𝐳𝐞 𝐝𝐢 𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐚𝐫𝐨 - 𝐊𝐚𝐫𝐥 𝐁𝐨𝐡𝐦 - 𝐄𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐌𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬, 𝐆𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐥𝐚 𝐉𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐳, 𝐃𝐢𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐅𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐫-𝐃𝐢𝐞𝐬𝐤𝐚𝐮, 𝐓𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐚 𝐓𝐫𝐨𝐲𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐬, 𝐇𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐧 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐲 - 𝐂𝐡𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐮𝐭𝐬𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐁𝐞𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐧, 𝐎𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐫 𝐃𝐞𝐮𝐭𝐬𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐁𝐞𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐧 - Audio +…

**𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - Chapter 6 — Tralaliera** **1) Italy as Campaign: Leopold’s Grand Strategy** Leopold approached the **Italian tour of 1769–1771** like a **military campaign**. Every practical detail had to serve a…

𝐉𝐀𝐂𝐐𝐔𝐄𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐄 𝐃𝐔 𝐏𝐑𝐄 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐄𝐋𝐋𝐎 𝐓𝐇𝐀𝐓 𝐁𝐔𝐑𝐍𝐄𝐃 𝐓𝐎𝐎 𝐁𝐑𝐈𝐆𝐇𝐓𝐋𝐘: 𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐔𝐒, 𝐅𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐒𝐇𝐈𝐏, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐆𝐄𝐃𝐘 (1945–1987) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐃𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐄𝐃 𝐅𝐎𝐑 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐄𝐋𝐋𝐎 (1945–1956) 𝐉𝐚𝐜𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐝𝐮 𝐏𝐫𝐞 (1945–1987) was born on 26 January 1945 in…

𝐌𝐨𝐳𝐚𝐫𝐭: 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐍𝐨. 𝟏𝟎 𝐢𝐧 𝐁-𝐟𝐥𝐚𝐭 𝐦𝐚𝐣𝐨𝐫, 𝐊𝐕 𝟑𝟔𝟏 (“𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐧 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐚”) — 𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐀𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐮𝐦 (𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟑) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ogEYg0hkEMI&t=240s 𝐌𝐨𝐳𝐚𝐫𝐭’𝐬 “𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐧 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐚”: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐓𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐁𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐡 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐄𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐆𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞: 𝐀 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐓𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐩𝐬 𝐁𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐠…

𝐘𝐄𝐕𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐘 𝐒𝐕𝐄𝐓𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐎𝐕 — 𝐅𝐈𝐑𝐄, 𝐅𝐀𝐓𝐄 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐎𝐔𝐋 𝐎𝐅 𝐑𝐔𝐒𝐒𝐈𝐀: 𝐀𝐍𝐄𝐂𝐃𝐎𝐓𝐄𝐒 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐔𝐑𝐈𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐄𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐎𝐑𝐃𝐄𝐑 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐎𝐋𝐒𝐇𝐎𝐈 (𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟖–𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟎𝐬) 𝐘𝐞𝐯𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐲 𝐅𝐞𝐝𝐨𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐒𝐯𝐞𝐭𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐯 (𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟖–𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟐) was born on 6 September 1928 in…

𝐆𝐈𝐔𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐈 𝐕𝐒. 𝐒𝐎𝐋𝐓𝐈 — 𝐓𝐖𝐎 𝐎𝐏𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐄 𝐕𝐈𝐒𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎’𝐒 𝐀𝐑𝐓 𝐈. 𝐓𝐖𝐎 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐌𝐏𝐎𝐑𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐒, 𝐓𝐖𝐎 𝐖𝐎𝐑𝐋𝐃𝐒 Although 𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐨 𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚 𝐆𝐢𝐮𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐢 (𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟒–𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟓) and 𝐒𝐢𝐫 𝐆𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐠 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐢 (𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟐–𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟕) belonged to essentially the same generation, their artistic…

## **𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬: Chapter 4 — An Instrument at the Command of Music** **1) From Calais to London: fame arrives first (April 1764)** Nannerl notes the **tides at Calais**, then the family…

𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐋 𝐕𝐎𝐍 𝐒𝐀𝐔𝐄𝐑 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟐–𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟐) A Rigorous Essay on His Life and Professional Activity 𝐈. 𝐎𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐄𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐲 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟏) Emil von Sauer was born on October 8, 1862, in Hamburg, Germany. He grew up…

## **𝐇𝐄𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐍 𝐖𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐄𝐋𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐍 (𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟗–𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟐)** **A Rigorous Essay on His Life and Professional Activity** ## **𝐈. 𝐎𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐔𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐚𝐭𝐡 𝐭𝐨 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠 (𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟗–𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟓)** **Hermann Winkelmann** was born on **March 8, 1849, in Brunswick (Braunschweig), Germany**.…