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𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟬 𝗗𝗲𝘁𝗺𝗼𝗹𝗱, 𝗛𝗮𝗺𝗯𝘂𝗿𝗴, 𝗕𝗼𝗻𝗻, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗱 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗮𝗱𝗲, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗹𝗶𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗿, 𝗔𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕-𝗙𝗹𝗮𝘁 𝗦𝗲𝘅𝘁𝗲𝘁 𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟵–𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟭 Chapter 10 follows 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝘀 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀 through one of…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟵 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗗 𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗼𝗿 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗼, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗣𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰 𝗙𝗮𝗶𝗹𝘂𝗿𝗲, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗗 𝗠𝗮𝗷𝗼𝗿 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗮𝗱𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗮𝗱𝗶𝗲𝘀’ 𝗖𝗵𝗼𝗶𝗿 𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟵…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟴 𝗗𝗲𝘁𝗺𝗼𝗹𝗱, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗣𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗼 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗼, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗗 𝗠𝗮𝗷𝗼𝗿 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗮𝗱𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗠𝗮𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗚𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗳, 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗱𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟲–𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟴 Chapter 8…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟳 𝗙𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗮𝗹𝘀, 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗱𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽𝘀, 𝗦𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗲 𝗦𝘁𝘂𝗱𝘆, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗗𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟱–𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟲 Chapter 7 belongs to one of the most serious and…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟲 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗡𝗲𝘄 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗮𝘁𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗕𝘂𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗟𝗼𝘆𝗮𝗹𝘁𝘆 𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟰–𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟱 Chapter 6 is one of the most emotionally…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟱 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻’𝘀 “𝗡𝗲𝘄 𝗣𝗮𝘁𝗵𝘀,” 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗣𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀’𝘀 𝗣𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰 𝗡𝗮𝗺𝗲 𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟯 Chapter 5 is the chapter in which…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟰 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴: 𝗝𝗼𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗺, 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗠𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟯 Chapter 4 is one of the turning-points…

𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗠𝗘 𝗜 — 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟯 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗛𝗮𝗺𝗯𝘂𝗿𝗴 𝗢𝗯𝘀𝗰𝘂𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗱 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱 𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟴–𝟭𝟴𝟱𝟯 Chapter 3 is one of the decisive transition chapters…

𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗦𝗛𝗢𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗞𝗢𝗩𝗜𝗖𝗛 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗮 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗻𝘆, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗤𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗲𝘁, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗴𝗶𝗰 𝗩𝗼𝗶𝗰𝗲 The influence of 𝗟𝘂𝗱𝘄𝗶𝗴 𝘃𝗮𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻 on 𝗗𝗺𝗶𝘁𝗿𝗶 𝗦𝗵𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗸𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗵 was not a matter of simple imitation. Shostakovich did not…

𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 𝗝𝗨𝗗𝗚𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 𝗢𝗻 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗢𝘄𝗻 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗸𝘀 — 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿 𝗙𝗮𝗰𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗢𝘄𝗻 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀 For 𝗟𝘂𝗱𝘄𝗶𝗴 𝘃𝗮𝗻 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻, his own works were never simply finished objects, never trophies of success, never monuments before which…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗞 𝗢𝗙 𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟮 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗦 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝗽𝗵𝗮𝘀𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗹𝗶𝗳𝗲: 𝗱𝗲𝗰𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲, 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗰𝗶𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘂𝗻𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗵𝗲𝗱 𝗳𝘂𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲 With Chapter 12, Schubert’s life enters its…

𝗢𝘁𝘁𝗼 𝗞𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗚𝗲𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗲𝗿: 𝗔 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗿𝗶𝗮𝗴𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗿𝗲, 𝗘𝘅𝗶𝗹𝗲, 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗦𝘂𝗿𝘃𝗶𝘃𝗮𝗹 𝗔 𝗥𝗲𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮 𝗛𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗲 The relationship between 𝗢𝘁𝘁𝗼 𝗞𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗿 and 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗚𝗲𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗲𝗿 was not a secondary episode in…

𝗢𝘁𝘁𝗼 𝗞𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗿 𝗼𝗻 𝗥𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗿𝗱: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝘁𝗼𝗻𝗲, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝘂𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗔 𝗥𝗶𝗴𝗼𝗿𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗦𝘁𝘂𝗱𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗢𝘁𝘁𝗼 𝗞𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗿’𝘀 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗽𝗵𝘆 The recorded legacy of 𝗢𝘁𝘁𝗼 𝗞𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗿 is one of the most imposing…

# 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟮𝟳 — 𝗘𝘁 𝗟𝘂𝘅 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗽𝗲𝘁𝘂𝗮 𝗟𝘂𝗰𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗘𝗶𝘀 ## 𝗠𝗼𝘇𝗮𝗿𝘁, 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗶𝗲𝗺, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝗗𝗮𝘆𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀 After the triumphant premiere of 𝗗𝗶𝗲 𝗭𝗮𝘂𝗯𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗹ö𝘁𝗲 in September…

𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗳𝗹𝗶𝗰𝘁: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗙𝗮𝗺𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗮𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗛𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 The history of classical music is often presented as a noble succession of geniuses: 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵, 𝗛𝗮𝘆𝗱𝗻, 𝗠𝗼𝘇𝗮𝗿𝘁, 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻, 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁,…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗛 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗘𝗢𝗥𝗚𝗘 𝗙𝗥𝗜𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗟 — 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗟𝗘𝗧𝗘 𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗟𝗬𝗦𝗜𝗦 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗻, 𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟴–𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟵: 𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗱𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀, 𝗲𝘅𝗵𝗮𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗳𝗮𝗶𝘁𝗵, 𝗽𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰 𝗿𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝘀𝗶𝗹𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗺𝗼𝗻𝘂𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗜. 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗻, 𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟴–𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟵 — 𝗔 𝗖𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗯𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗠𝗮𝗻 𝗜𝗻…

𝗟𝗨𝗟𝗟𝗬 𝗩𝗦. 𝗥𝗔𝗠𝗘𝗔𝗨 — 𝗗𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗛, 𝗟𝗘𝗚𝗔𝗖𝗬, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗𝗦 𝗔 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗮𝘆 𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝘄𝗼 𝗲𝗻𝗱𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗵 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝗼𝗾𝘂𝗲: 𝗹𝗮𝘄, 𝗽𝗼𝘄𝗲𝗿, 𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗼𝗻𝘆, 𝗱𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗹𝗼𝗻𝗴 𝗮𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗵 𝗼𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮 𝗜. 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗚𝗶𝗮𝗻𝘁𝘀 𝗪𝗵𝗼…

𝗧𝗘𝗟𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 𝗙𝗔𝗠𝗜𝗟𝗬: 𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗦, 𝗜𝗡𝗙𝗟𝗨𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘𝗦, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗔 𝗤𝗨𝗜𝗘𝗧, 𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗥𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗙𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗔 𝗻𝗮𝗿𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝘀𝘁𝘂𝗱𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗺𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗯𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗿𝗴 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗽𝗽 𝗧𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻, 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗦𝗲𝗯𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗮𝗿𝗹 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗽𝗽 𝗘𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗲𝗹 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗜.…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗦𝗬𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗙𝗜𝗟𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 𝗗𝗨𝗥𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥 𝟭𝟳𝟰𝟵–𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟬: 𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗱𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀, 𝗳𝗮𝗶𝘁𝗵, 𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗽𝗼𝗶𝗻𝘁, 𝗳𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗹𝘆, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗶𝗻𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗱𝘆𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗱 𝗜. 𝗔 𝗠𝗶𝗻𝗱 𝗼𝗳 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝘂𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗢𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗙𝗮𝗰𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗤𝘂𝗶𝗲𝘁 𝗖𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗮𝗽𝘀𝗲…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗛 𝗢𝗙 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗚𝗢𝗟𝗘𝗦𝗜 — 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗟𝗘𝗧𝗘 𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗟𝗬𝗦𝗜𝗦 𝗜𝗹𝗹𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀, 𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸𝘀, 𝗯𝗶𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗽𝗵𝘆, 𝗺𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗺𝗮𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗯𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗽𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗱 𝗜. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱 𝗕𝗲𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗙𝗮𝗺𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗴𝗮𝗻 𝗚𝗶𝗼𝘃𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗶 𝗕𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗼𝗹𝗲𝘀𝗶…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗛 𝗢𝗙 𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗢𝗡𝗜𝗢 𝗩𝗜𝗩𝗔𝗟𝗗𝗜 — 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗟𝗘𝗧𝗘 𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗟𝗬𝗦𝗜𝗦 𝗜𝗹𝗹𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀, 𝗽𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘁𝘆, 𝗱𝗲𝗰𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲, 𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗺𝗶𝘀𝗳𝗼𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗻𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝘆𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗴𝗼𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝗳𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗜. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗜𝗿𝗼𝗻𝘆: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝗱 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗗𝘆𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗙𝗮𝗿 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗩𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗼…

𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗔𝗹𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗿𝗼 𝗦𝗰𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗶 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗮𝘀 𝗮 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗼𝗹 𝗼𝗳 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗮 The encounter between 𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗿𝗴 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗰 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 and 𝗔𝗹𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗿𝗼 𝗦𝗰𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗶 belongs to one of the most formative episodes in early eighteenth-century music. It was…

𝗖𝗼𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗡𝗮𝗱𝗶𝗮 𝗕𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗿 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗮𝗻 𝗔𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗻 𝗩𝗼𝗶𝗰𝗲 The encounter between 𝗔𝗮𝗿𝗼𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱 and 𝗡𝗮𝗱𝗶𝗮 𝗕𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗿 was one of the most decisive pedagogical relationships in twentieth-century music. It was not merely the…

𝗪𝗵𝗲𝗻 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀 𝗠𝗲𝘁 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗶𝘀𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗘𝗻𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗧𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗱 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝗼𝗾𝘂𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗗𝗮𝘆 The history of classical music does not advance only through works, styles, schools, or institutions. It…