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𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗔 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟮𝟭 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗢𝗡𝗥𝗬 ════════════════════════════ 𝗜. 𝗔𝗡𝗢𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗥 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗘 After the portrait of Mozart as man, composer, performer, social being, elegant Viennese, player, worker, and vulnerable body, the biography enters…

𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 — 𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗞 𝗝𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗢𝗫𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗦 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟰 — 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗠𝗜𝗧𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗧𝗢 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗪𝗛𝗘𝗡 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗖𝗘𝗔𝗦𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗢 𝗕𝗘 𝗔 𝗗𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗠 Robert Schumann’s commitment to music was not…

𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗟𝗜𝗦𝗭𝗧 — 𝗔𝗡𝗘𝗖𝗗𝗢𝗧𝗘𝗦, 𝗖𝗨𝗥𝗜𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗘𝗦, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗙𝗔𝗦𝗖𝗜𝗡𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗗𝗘𝗧𝗔𝗜𝗟𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗞 Franz Liszt was not merely one of the greatest pianists of the nineteenth century. He was a phenomenon: 𝗮 𝘃𝗶𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗼𝘀𝗼, 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿,…

𝗙𝗘𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗘𝗥 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟮𝟰 𝗢𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟭, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗸𝗳𝘂𝗿𝘁 𝗮𝗺 𝗠𝗮𝗶𝗻, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟭 𝗠𝗮𝘆 𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟱, 𝗖𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗻𝗲, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗿𝘆: 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗙𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗛𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗿 was one of the most cultivated and versatile musical figures of the nineteenth century:…

𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 — 𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗞 𝗝𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗢𝗫𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗦 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟯 — 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗟𝗜𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗢𝗢𝗞 𝗔𝗦 𝗔 𝗦𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗 𝗜𝗡𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗨𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 To understand Robert Schumann, one must begin with a simple…

𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 — 𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗞 𝗝𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗢𝗫𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗦 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟮 — 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗦 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗔𝗪 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗪𝗔𝗦 𝗡𝗢𝗧 𝗠𝗔𝗗𝗘 𝗙𝗢𝗥 𝗟𝗔𝗪 When Robert Schumann left Zwickau for university life,…

𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 — 𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗞 𝗝𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗢𝗫𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗦 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭 — 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗛𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗬𝗢𝗨𝗧𝗛 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗚𝗘 𝗕𝗢𝗬 𝗢𝗙 𝗭𝗪𝗜𝗖𝗞𝗔𝗨 Robert Schumann’s childhood begins not with the image of a passive…

𝗙𝗘𝗟𝗜𝗫 𝗪𝗘𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗡𝗘𝗥 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗖𝗥𝗔𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗙𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘅 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗻𝗲𝗿 was born on 𝟮 𝗝𝘂𝗻𝗲 𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟯 in 𝗭𝗮𝗿𝗮, then part of the Austrian Empire, now 𝗭𝗮𝗱𝗮𝗿, 𝗖𝗿𝗼𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗮, and died on 𝟳 𝗠𝗮𝘆 𝟭𝟵𝟰𝟮 in 𝗪𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗵𝘂𝗿,…

𝗗𝗔𝗩𝗜𝗗 𝗢𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗞𝗛: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗡𝗢𝗕𝗟𝗘 𝗩𝗢𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗜𝗢𝗟𝗜𝗡 𝗗𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗱 𝗢𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗸𝗵 was born in 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟴 in 𝗢𝗱𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗮, then part of the Russian Empire, and died in 𝟭𝟵𝟳𝟰 in 𝗔𝗺𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗮𝗺. He became one of the greatest…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗪𝗔𝗚𝗡𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗢𝗡𝗨𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗟𝗘𝗜𝗣𝗭𝗜𝗚: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗦𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗢𝗪 The 𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗲𝗿 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝘂𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 in 𝗟𝗲𝗶𝗽𝘇𝗶𝗴 is one of the most symbolically complex tributes to the composer. It stands on the 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗺𝗲𝗻𝗮𝗱𝗲𝗻𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴, near…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗗𝗜 𝗠𝗢𝗡𝗨𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗠𝗜𝗟𝗔𝗡: 𝗔 𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗕𝗨𝗧𝗘 𝗧𝗢 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗢𝗨𝗟 𝗢𝗙 𝗜𝗧𝗔𝗟𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔 The 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝘂𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝗚𝗶𝘂𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗽𝗲 𝗩𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗶 in 𝗠𝗶𝗹𝗮𝗻 stands in 𝗣𝗶𝗮𝘇𝘇𝗮 𝗠𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹𝗼 𝗕𝘂𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗿𝗿𝗼𝘁𝗶, directly in front of the 𝗖𝗮𝘀𝗮 𝗱𝗶 𝗥𝗶𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗼 𝗽𝗲𝗿…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗗𝗜 𝗠𝗢𝗡𝗨𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗕𝗜𝗟𝗕𝗔𝗢: 𝗔𝗡 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗕𝗨𝗧𝗘 𝗜𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗛𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗜𝗧𝗬 The 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝘂𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝗚𝗶𝘂𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗽𝗲 𝗩𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗶 is a public sculpture located in 𝗕𝗶𝗹𝗯𝗮𝗼, in the province of 𝗕𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗮𝘆, Spain. It stands…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 𝗠𝗢𝗡𝗨𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗠𝗘𝗫𝗜𝗖𝗢 𝗖𝗜𝗧𝗬: 𝗔 𝗚𝗘𝗥𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗕𝗨𝗧𝗘 𝗧𝗢 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗘𝗫𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗡 𝗣𝗘𝗢𝗣𝗟𝗘 The 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝘂𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁, located in the 𝗔𝗹𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗱𝗮 𝗖𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗹 of 𝗠𝗲𝘅𝗶𝗰𝗼 𝗖𝗶𝘁𝘆, is one of the most striking musical monuments in Latin…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗔 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟳 𝗧𝗪𝗢 𝗙𝗔𝗠𝗜𝗟𝗜𝗘𝗦 ════════════════════════════ 𝗜. 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗘𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗪𝗢 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗𝗦 After the marriage to 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻𝘇𝗲 𝗪𝗲𝗯𝗲𝗿 on 4 August 1782, Mozart’s life did not become simple.…

𝗚𝗜𝗢𝗩𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗜 𝗕𝗔𝗧𝗧𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗔 𝗦𝗔𝗠𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗜𝗟𝗔𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗘 𝗣𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗘𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗛𝗘𝗟𝗣𝗘𝗗 𝗖𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗣𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗬 𝗚𝗶𝗼𝘃𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗶 𝗕𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮 𝗦𝗮𝗺𝗺𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗶 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝗰. 𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟬/𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟭, 𝗠𝗶𝗹𝗮𝗻, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟱 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟱, 𝗠𝗶𝗹𝗮𝗻, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗚𝗶𝗼𝘃𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗶 𝗕𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮 𝗦𝗮𝗺𝗺𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗶 was one of the essential creators…

𝗚𝗘𝗢𝗥𝗚 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗔𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗜𝗟: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗘 𝗣𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗘𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗪𝗔𝗬 𝗙𝗢𝗥 𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗿𝗴 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗽𝗵 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗲𝗶𝗹 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟮𝟵 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟱, 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, 𝗔𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟳, 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, 𝗔𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗿𝗴 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗽𝗵 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗲𝗶𝗹 was one…

𝗝𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗣𝗛 𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗜𝗡 𝗞𝗥𝗔𝗨𝗦: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗪𝗘𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗛 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗔𝗥𝗞 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗦𝗠 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗻 𝗞𝗿𝗮𝘂𝘀 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟮𝟬 𝗝𝘂𝗻𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟲, 𝗠𝗶𝗹𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗯𝗲𝗿𝗴 𝗮𝗺 𝗠𝗮𝗶𝗻, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟱 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟵𝟮, 𝗦𝘁𝗼𝗰𝗸𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗺, 𝗦𝘄𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗻 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗻 𝗞𝗿𝗮𝘂𝘀 is one…

𝗝𝗔𝗡 𝗟𝗔𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗟𝗔𝗩 𝗗𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗘𝗞: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗢𝗛𝗘𝗠𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗢 𝗣𝗢𝗘𝗧 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗢𝗪𝗘𝗗 𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗣𝗜𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗦𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗢 𝗝𝗮𝗻 𝗟𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘃 𝗗𝘂𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗸 𝗔𝗹𝘀𝗼 𝗸𝗻𝗼𝘄𝗻 𝗮𝘀: 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗟𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘂𝘀 𝗗𝘂𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗸 / 𝗝𝗮𝗻 𝗟𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘃 𝗗𝘂𝘀𝗶́𝗸 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭𝟮 𝗙𝗲𝗯𝗿𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟲𝟬,…

𝗡𝗜𝗖𝗖𝗢𝗟𝗢̀ 𝗝𝗢𝗠𝗠𝗘𝗟𝗟𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔 𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗔 𝗥𝗘𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗥𝗢𝗔𝗗 𝗧𝗢 𝗚𝗟𝗨𝗖𝗞 𝗡𝗶𝗰𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗼̀ 𝗝𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭𝟬 𝗦𝗲𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟰, 𝗔𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗮, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟮𝟱 𝗔𝘂𝗴𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟰, 𝗡𝗮𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘀, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 Among the great reforming figures of eighteenth-century opera,…

𝗡𝗜𝗖𝗖𝗢𝗟𝗢̀ 𝗣𝗜𝗖𝗖𝗜𝗡𝗡𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗜𝗧𝗔𝗟𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗟𝗬𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗢𝗣𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗘 𝗚𝗟𝗨𝗖𝗞 𝗜𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔 𝗪𝗔𝗥 𝗡𝗶𝗰𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗼̀ 𝗣𝗶𝗰𝗰𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗶 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭𝟲 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟮𝟴, 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝗶, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟳 𝗠𝗮𝘆 𝟭𝟴𝟬𝟬, 𝗣𝗮𝘀𝘀𝘆, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 Among the great Italian…

𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗥𝗘́-𝗘𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗧-𝗠𝗢𝗗𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗘 𝗚𝗥𝗘́𝗧𝗥𝗬: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗢𝗣𝗘́𝗥𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗜𝗤𝗨𝗘 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗚𝗔𝗩𝗘 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗛 𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗥𝗘 𝗔 𝗛𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗔𝗻𝗱𝗿𝗲́-𝗘𝗿𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘁-𝗠𝗼𝗱𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗲 𝗚𝗿𝗲́𝘁𝗿𝘆 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟴 𝗙𝗲𝗯𝗿𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟰𝟭, 𝗟𝗶𝗲̀𝗴𝗲 — 𝗻𝗼𝘄 𝗕𝗲𝗹𝗴𝗶𝘂𝗺 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟮𝟰 𝗦𝗲𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟯, 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗺𝗼𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝘆, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 Among the composers who shaped…

𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗖̧𝗢𝗜𝗦-𝗝𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗣𝗛 𝗚𝗢𝗦𝗦𝗘𝗖: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗔𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗛 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗣𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗬 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗩𝗢𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗥𝗘𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗬 𝗣𝗨𝗕𝗟𝗜𝗖 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰̧𝗼𝗶𝘀-𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗚𝗼𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗰 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭𝟳 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟯𝟰, 𝗩𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗻𝗶𝗲𝘀, 𝗛𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗮𝘂𝘁 — 𝗻𝗼𝘄 𝗕𝗲𝗹𝗴𝗶𝘂𝗺 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟲 𝗙𝗲𝗯𝗿𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟵, 𝗣𝗮𝘀𝘀𝘆, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲…

𝗘́𝗧𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗘-𝗡𝗜𝗖𝗢𝗟𝗔𝗦 𝗠𝗘́𝗛𝗨𝗟: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗢𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗥𝗘𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗬 𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗥𝗘-𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗔𝗚𝗘 𝗘́𝘁𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗲-𝗡𝗶𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗮𝘀 𝗠𝗲́𝗵𝘂𝗹 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟮𝟮 𝗝𝘂𝗻𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟲𝟯, 𝗚𝗶𝘃𝗲𝘁, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟴 𝗢𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟳, 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 Among the most powerful French…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗡𝗘𝗣𝗢𝗠𝗨𝗞 𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗠𝗘𝗟: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗘𝗟𝗘𝗚𝗔𝗡𝗧 𝗩𝗜𝗥𝗧𝗨𝗢𝗦𝗢 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗕𝗘𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧, 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗣𝗜𝗡 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗡𝗲𝗽𝗼𝗺𝘂𝗸 𝗛𝘂𝗺𝗺𝗲𝗹 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭𝟰 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟴, 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗯𝘂𝗿𝗴, 𝗞𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗱𝗼𝗺 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗿𝘆 — 𝗻𝗼𝘄 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘃𝗮, 𝗦𝗹𝗼𝘃𝗮𝗸𝗶𝗮 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟳 𝗢𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟳, 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗿, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆…