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𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐫𝐢 𝐅𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐜̧𝐨𝐢𝐬 𝐉𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐩𝐡 𝐕𝐢𝐞𝐮𝐱𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐬 (𝟏𝟕 𝐅𝐞𝐛𝐫𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟎 – 𝟔 𝐉𝐮𝐧𝐞 𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟏) was a Belgian composer and violinist. 𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐫𝐢 𝐕𝐢𝐞𝐮𝐱𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐬: 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐨 𝐩𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐯𝐢𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐧 𝐧𝐨.𝟏, 𝐨𝐩. 𝟏𝟎, 𝐞𝐧 𝐦𝐢 𝐦𝐚𝐣𝐞𝐮𝐫, 𝐕𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐚 𝐒𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐢𝐤𝐚 (𝐯𝐢𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐧) - 𝐎𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐞…

𝐆𝐀𝐁𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐋 𝐅𝐀𝐔𝐑𝐄 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐐𝐔𝐈𝐄𝐓 𝐑𝐄𝐕𝐎𝐋𝐔𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍: 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐔𝐑𝐂𝐇 𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐈𝐑𝐁𝐎𝐘 𝐓𝐎 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐍𝐄𝐖 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐇 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐕𝐎𝐈𝐂𝐄 (1845–1890) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐅𝐀𝐑 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐒 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐄𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐆𝐒 (1845–1854) 𝐆𝐚𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐥 𝐅𝐚𝐮𝐫𝐞 (1845–1924) was…

𝐉𝐎𝐇𝐀𝐍𝐍 𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐔𝐒𝐒 𝐈𝐈 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐖𝐀𝐋𝐓𝐙 𝐊𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐎𝐅 𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐍𝐀: 𝐑𝐄𝐁𝐄𝐋𝐋𝐈𝐎𝐍, 𝐆𝐋𝐎𝐑𝐘, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂 𝐓𝐇𝐀𝐓 𝐃𝐄𝐅𝐈𝐍𝐄𝐃 𝐀𝐍 𝐄𝐑𝐀 (1825–1899) 𝐈. 𝐁𝐎𝐑𝐍 𝐈𝐍𝐓𝐎 𝐀 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐃𝐘𝐍𝐀𝐒𝐓𝐘 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐎𝐅 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐅𝐋𝐈𝐂𝐓 (1825–1837) 𝐉𝐨𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐧 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐈𝐈…

𝗗𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗱 𝗕𝗲𝗹𝗮𝘀𝗰𝗼 (1853–1931), 𝗔𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗼 𝗧𝗼𝘀𝗰𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗶 (1867–1957) and 𝗚𝗶𝗮𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗼 𝗣𝘂𝗰𝗰𝗶𝗻𝗶 (1858–1924) - After the première of "La Fanciulla del West" in 1910 David Belasco (1853–1931) was a major American theatre producer, director, playwright, and stage…

𝐉𝐀𝐂𝐐𝐔𝐄𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐄 𝐃𝐔 𝐏𝐑𝐄 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐄𝐋𝐋𝐎 𝐓𝐇𝐀𝐓 𝐁𝐔𝐑𝐍𝐄𝐃 𝐓𝐎𝐎 𝐁𝐑𝐈𝐆𝐇𝐓𝐋𝐘: 𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐔𝐒, 𝐅𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐒𝐇𝐈𝐏, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐆𝐄𝐃𝐘 (1945–1987) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐃𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐄𝐃 𝐅𝐎𝐑 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐄𝐋𝐋𝐎 (1945–1956) 𝐉𝐚𝐜𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐝𝐮 𝐏𝐫𝐞 (1945–1987) was born on 26 January 1945 in…

𝐃𝐀𝐌𝐄 𝐉𝐀𝐍𝐄𝐓 𝐁𝐀𝐊𝐄𝐑 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐕𝐎𝐈𝐂𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐍𝐎𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐌𝐄𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐋𝐘: 𝐀 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 𝐃𝐄𝐕𝐎𝐓𝐄𝐃 𝐓𝐎 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐈𝐍𝐍𝐄𝐑 𝐓𝐑𝐔𝐓𝐇 (1933– ) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐈𝐍 𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐔𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐋 𝐄𝐍𝐆𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐃 (1933–1950) 𝐃𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐉𝐚𝐧𝐞𝐭 𝐁𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐫 (born 21 August 1933) entered…

𝐌𝐀𝐔𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐄 𝐑𝐀𝐕𝐄𝐋 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐌𝐎𝐃𝐄𝐑𝐍 𝐌𝐀𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐑: 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐁𝐀𝐒𝐐𝐔𝐄 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐓𝐎 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐒𝐓 (1875–1905) 𝐈. 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐂𝐎𝐒𝐌𝐎𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐓𝐀𝐍 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 (1875–1889) 𝐌𝐚𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐞 𝐑𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐥 (1875–1937) was born on 7 March 1875 in Ciboure,…

𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐄𝐒-𝐕𝐀𝐋𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐍 𝐀𝐋𝐊𝐀𝐍 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐘𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐎𝐔𝐒 𝐓𝐈𝐓𝐀𝐍 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐏𝐈𝐀𝐍𝐎: 𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐔𝐒, 𝐈𝐒𝐎𝐋𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐋𝐄𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐃 𝐈. 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐘 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐆𝐘 (1813–1826) 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐞𝐬-𝐕𝐚𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧 𝐀𝐥𝐤𝐚𝐧 (1813–1888) was born on 30 November 1813 in Paris, into a Jewish musical…

𝐋𝐄𝐎𝐒 𝐉𝐀𝐍𝐀𝐂𝐄𝐊 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐌𝐎𝐑𝐀𝐕𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐓𝐎 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐑𝐄𝐁𝐄𝐋: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐔𝐒 (1854–1888) 𝐈. 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐈𝐍 𝐀 𝐌𝐎𝐑𝐀𝐕𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐕𝐈𝐋𝐋𝐀𝐆𝐄 (1854–1865) 𝐋𝐞𝐨𝐬 𝐉𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐤 (1854–1928) was born on 3 July 1854 in Hukvaldy, Moravia…

𝑍𝑂𝐿𝑇𝐴𝑁 𝐾𝑂𝐷𝐴𝐿𝑌 — 𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝑆𝑂𝑈𝐿 𝑂𝐹 𝐻𝑈𝑁𝐺𝐴𝑅𝑌: 𝐹𝑂𝐿𝐾, 𝐹𝐼𝑅𝐸 𝐴𝑁𝐷 𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝐸𝐷𝑈𝐶𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑅𝐸𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝐈. 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐈𝐍 𝐀 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐑𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐖𝐀𝐘 𝐖𝐎𝐑𝐋𝐃 (1882–1900) 𝐙𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐊𝐨𝐝𝐚𝐥𝐲 (1882–1967) was born on 16 December 1882 in Kecskemét, Hungary, into…

𝐀𝐍𝐓𝐀𝐋 𝐃𝐎𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐁𝐔𝐃𝐀𝐏𝐄𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐆𝐘 𝐓𝐎 𝐁𝐀𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐓 𝐅𝐈𝐑𝐄𝐁𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐃: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟔–𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟎) 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐔𝐃𝐀𝐏𝐄𝐒𝐓 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐌𝐈𝐋𝐈𝐄𝐔 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟔–𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟒) 𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐃𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢 (1906–1988) was born on 9 April 1906 in Budapest,…

𝐁𝐄𝐋𝐀 𝐁𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐎𝐊 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐈𝐄𝐑𝐂𝐄 𝐘𝐎𝐔𝐍𝐆 𝐑𝐄𝐁𝐄𝐋 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐄𝐃 𝐀 𝐍𝐄𝐖 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐆𝐔𝐀𝐆𝐄 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟏–𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟓) 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐎𝐅 𝐒𝐈𝐋𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐄 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐂𝐈𝐏𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐄 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟏–𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟖) 𝐁𝐞𝐥𝐚 𝐕𝐢𝐤𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐉𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐬 𝐁𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐨𝐤 (1881–1945) was born on 25 March 1881 in Nagyszentmiklos,…

𝐁𝐄𝐋𝐀 𝐁𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐎𝐊 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐎𝐋𝐊 𝐀𝐋𝐂𝐇𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐒𝐓 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐑𝐄𝐈𝐍𝐕𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐃 𝐌𝐎𝐃𝐄𝐑𝐍 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟏–𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟓) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐆𝐘 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐍𝐀𝐆𝐘𝐒𝐙𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐌𝐈𝐊𝐋𝐎𝐒 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟏–𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟗) 𝐁𝐞𝐥𝐚 𝐕𝐢𝐤𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐉𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐬 𝐁𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐨𝐤 (1881–1945) was born on 25 March 1881 in Nagyszentmiklos, then in the Kingdom…

𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐑𝐃 𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐔𝐒𝐒 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐒𝐄𝐑𝐕𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐕𝐄 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐆𝐘 𝐓𝐎 𝐒𝐘𝐌𝐏𝐇𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐂 𝐑𝐄𝐕𝐎𝐋𝐔𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐀𝐑𝐘 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟒–𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟔) 𝐈. 𝐌𝐔𝐍𝐈𝐂𝐇 𝐎𝐑𝐈𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐒 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀 𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐅𝐀𝐓𝐇𝐄𝐑 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟒–𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟎) 𝐑𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐆𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐠 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐬 (1864–1949) was born on 11 June 1864 in Munich, into a deeply musical…

𝐒𝐈𝐑 𝐄𝐃𝐖𝐀𝐑𝐃 𝐄𝐋𝐆𝐀𝐑 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐕𝐎𝐈𝐂𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐄𝐃𝐖𝐀𝐑𝐃𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐄𝐍𝐆𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐃: 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄, 𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐔𝐆𝐆𝐋𝐄 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐔𝐌𝐏𝐇 (𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟕–𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟒) 𝐈. 𝐇𝐔𝐌𝐁𝐋𝐄 𝐎𝐑𝐈𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐖𝐎𝐑𝐂𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐑𝐒𝐇𝐈𝐑𝐄 (𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟕–𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟎𝐬) 𝐒𝐢𝐫 𝐄𝐝𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐦 𝐄𝐥𝐠𝐚𝐫 (𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟕–𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟒) was born on 2 June 1857 in Lower Broadheath,…

𝐋𝐄𝐎𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐃 𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐊𝐎𝐖𝐒𝐊𝐈 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐋𝐎𝐍𝐃𝐎𝐍 𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐀𝐍 𝐋𝐎𝐅𝐓 𝐓𝐎 𝐀𝐌𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐍 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐏𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐔𝐌 𝐌𝐘𝐓𝐇 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐒𝐇-𝐁𝐑𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐒𝐇 𝐁𝐎𝐘 𝐖𝐈𝐓𝐇 𝐁𝐈𝐆 𝐀𝐌𝐁𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟔) 𝐋𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐤𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐤𝐢 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟐–𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟕) was born on 18 April 1882…

𝐂𝐄𝐒𝐀𝐑 𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐊 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐘𝐒𝐓𝐈𝐂 𝐀𝐑𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐓𝐄𝐂𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐇 𝐒𝐘𝐌𝐏𝐇𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐂 𝐑𝐎𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐈𝐒𝐌 (𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟎) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐁𝐄𝐓𝐖𝐄𝐄𝐍 𝐍𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 (𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟓) 𝐂𝐞𝐬𝐚𝐫 𝐀𝐮𝐠𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐞 𝐅𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐤 (𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟎) was born on 10 December 1822 in Liège, then part of the United…

𝐉𝐀𝐌𝐄𝐒 𝐋𝐄𝐕𝐈𝐍𝐄 — 𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐔𝐒, 𝐏𝐎𝐖𝐄𝐑 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐒𝐘: 𝐀𝐍𝐄𝐂𝐃𝐎𝐓𝐄𝐒 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐔𝐑𝐈𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐄𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐎𝐑𝐃𝐄𝐑 (𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟑–𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐆𝐘 𝐀𝐓 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐏𝐈𝐀𝐍𝐎 (𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟑–𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟎𝐬) 𝐉𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐬 𝐋𝐚𝐰𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐋𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐞 (𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟑–𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏) was born on 23 June 1943 in Cincinnati, Ohio,…

𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐇 𝐖𝐎𝐋𝐅𝐆𝐀𝐍𝐆 𝐊𝐎𝐑𝐍𝐆𝐎𝐋𝐃: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐆𝐘 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐐𝐔𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐃 𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐍𝐀 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐑𝐄𝐈𝐍𝐕𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐃 𝐇𝐎𝐋𝐋𝐘𝐖𝐎𝐎𝐃 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐍𝐀𝐑𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐕𝐄 (𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟕–𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟕) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐍𝐄𝐒𝐄 𝐌𝐈𝐑𝐀𝐂𝐋𝐄 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 (𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟕–𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟖) 𝐄𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐖𝐨𝐥𝐟𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐠 𝐊𝐨𝐫𝐧𝐠𝐨𝐥𝐝 was born on 𝐁𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐝𝐞: 𝟐𝟗 𝐌𝐚𝐲 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟕…

𝐄𝐃𝐎𝐔𝐀𝐑𝐃 𝐋𝐀𝐋𝐎: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐓𝐀𝐑𝐘 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐄𝐑 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐇 𝐎𝐑𝐂𝐇𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐋 𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐄𝐖𝐀𝐋 — 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄, 𝐋𝐎𝐕𝐄, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀 𝐋𝐀𝐓𝐄 𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐔𝐌𝐏𝐇 (𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟑–𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟐) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐁𝐄𝐓𝐖𝐄𝐄𝐍 𝐂𝐔𝐋𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐄𝐒: 𝐋𝐈𝐋𝐋𝐄 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐅𝐀𝐌𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐑𝐎𝐎𝐓𝐒 (𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟑–𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟗) 𝐄𝐝𝐨𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐋𝐚𝐥𝐨 was born on 𝐁𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐝𝐞:…

𝐁𝐄𝐃𝐑̌𝐈𝐂𝐇 𝐒𝐌𝐄𝐓𝐀𝐍𝐀: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐎𝐔𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐑 𝐎𝐅 𝐂𝐙𝐄𝐂𝐇 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐀𝐘 𝐎𝐅 𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐔𝐒, 𝐃𝐄𝐀𝐅𝐍𝐄𝐒𝐒, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐍𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐖𝐀𝐊𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐆 (𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟒–𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟒) 𝐈. 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐘 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 (𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟒–𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟑) 𝐁𝐞𝐝𝐫̌𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐒𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐚 was born on 𝐁𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐝𝐞: 𝟐 𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡…

𝐆𝐔𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐕 𝐌𝐀𝐇𝐋𝐄𝐑 & 𝐌𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐀 𝐀𝐍𝐍𝐀 “𝐏𝐔𝐓𝐙𝐈” 𝐌𝐀𝐇𝐋𝐄𝐑: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐒𝐇𝐀𝐓𝐓𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐃 𝐀 𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐄𝐑’𝐒 𝐖𝐎𝐑𝐋𝐃 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐀𝐘 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟐–𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟕) 𝐈. 𝐌𝐀𝐑𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐆𝐄 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐇𝐎𝐏𝐄: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐀𝐌𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐁𝐄𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐒 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟐–𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟑) On 𝐁𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐝𝐞: 𝟗 𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟐, 𝐆𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐯…

𝐂𝐋𝐀𝐔𝐃𝐄 𝐃𝐄𝐁𝐔𝐒𝐒𝐘: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐑𝐄𝐁𝐄𝐋 𝐀𝐓 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐏𝐈𝐀𝐍𝐎 — 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐓𝐄𝐀𝐂𝐇𝐄𝐑𝐒, 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐏𝐔𝐏𝐈𝐋𝐒, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐄𝐗𝐏𝐋𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐕𝐄 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐍𝐄𝐖 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟒) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐎𝐔𝐓𝐒𝐈𝐃𝐄 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐘𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐌 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟐) 𝐂𝐥𝐚𝐮𝐝𝐞 𝐀𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐞 𝐃𝐞𝐛𝐮𝐬𝐬𝐲 was born on…

𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐋 𝐕𝐎𝐍 𝐒𝐀𝐔𝐄𝐑 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟐–𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟐) A Rigorous Essay on His Life and Professional Activity 𝐈. 𝐎𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐄𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐲 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟏) Emil von Sauer was born on October 8, 1862, in Hamburg, Germany. He grew up…