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𝐋𝐎𝐑𝐈𝐍 𝐌𝐀𝐀𝐙𝐄𝐋 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐆𝐘 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐁𝐄𝐂𝐀𝐌𝐄 𝐀 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀𝐒𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐏𝐇𝐄𝐍𝐎𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐎𝐍 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐆𝐘 — 𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟎 𝐋𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐧 𝐕𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐌𝐚𝐚𝐳𝐞𝐥 was born on 𝟔 𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡…

**𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - Chapter 6 — Tralaliera** **1) Italy as Campaign: Leopold’s Grand Strategy** Leopold approached the **Italian tour of 1769–1771** like a **military campaign**. Every practical detail had to serve a…

# **Mendelssohn, Wagner, Schumann - Nikolaus Harnoncourt** **Die schöne Melusine Overture, Op. 32** Commentary on Wagner's Tannhäuser by Nikolaus Harnoncourt **Tannhäuser, WWV 70: Overture - Bacchanale (Venusberg)** Commentary on Wagner's Tristan und Isolde by…

𝐁𝐄𝐋𝐀 𝐁𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐎𝐊 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐅𝐑𝐈𝐓𝐙 𝐑𝐄𝐈𝐍𝐄𝐑 — 𝐀 𝐅𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐒𝐇𝐈𝐏 𝐎𝐅 𝐈𝐑𝐎𝐍 𝐖𝐈𝐋𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐏𝐑𝐄𝐂𝐈𝐒𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐈. 𝐁𝐔𝐃𝐀𝐏𝐄𝐒𝐓 𝐁𝐄𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐆𝐒 — 𝐓𝐖𝐎 𝐘𝐎𝐔𝐍𝐆 𝐌𝐄𝐍 𝐈𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐋𝐈𝐒𝐙𝐓 𝐀𝐂𝐀𝐃𝐄𝐌𝐘 (𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟎𝐬) The relationship between 𝐁𝐞𝐥𝐚 𝐁𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐨𝐤 (1881–1945) and 𝐅𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐳…

𝐁𝐄𝐋𝐀 𝐁𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐎𝐊 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐈𝐄𝐑𝐂𝐄 𝐘𝐎𝐔𝐍𝐆 𝐑𝐄𝐁𝐄𝐋 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐄𝐃 𝐀 𝐍𝐄𝐖 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐆𝐔𝐀𝐆𝐄 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟏–𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟓) 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐎𝐅 𝐒𝐈𝐋𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐄 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐂𝐈𝐏𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐄 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟏–𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟖) 𝐁𝐞𝐥𝐚 𝐕𝐢𝐤𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐉𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐬 𝐁𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐨𝐤 (1881–1945) was born on 25 March 1881 in Nagyszentmiklos,…

𝐄𝐃𝐎𝐔𝐀𝐑𝐃 𝐋𝐀𝐋𝐎: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐓𝐀𝐑𝐘 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐄𝐑 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐇 𝐎𝐑𝐂𝐇𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐋 𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐄𝐖𝐀𝐋 — 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄, 𝐋𝐎𝐕𝐄, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀 𝐋𝐀𝐓𝐄 𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐔𝐌𝐏𝐇 (𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟑–𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟐) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐁𝐄𝐓𝐖𝐄𝐄𝐍 𝐂𝐔𝐋𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐄𝐒: 𝐋𝐈𝐋𝐋𝐄 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐅𝐀𝐌𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐑𝐎𝐎𝐓𝐒 (𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟑–𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟗) 𝐄𝐝𝐨𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐋𝐚𝐥𝐨 was born on 𝐁𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐝𝐞:…

𝐀𝐍𝐄𝐂𝐃𝐎𝐓𝐄𝐒 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐔𝐑𝐈𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐄𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐔𝐑 𝐍𝐈𝐊𝐈𝐒𝐂𝐇 (𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟓–𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟐) A Deep and Expansive Portrait of the Man Behind the Baton 𝐈. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐄𝐲𝐞𝐬 — “𝐇𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐔𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐇𝐢𝐬 𝐆𝐚𝐳𝐞” One of the most persistent…

𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗘𝗦 𝗠𝗨𝗡𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗚𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗛 𝗠𝗔𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗢 The early conducting career of 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗠𝘂𝗻𝗰𝗵 (1891–1968) is one of the most distinctive developmental stories in twentieth-century musical life. Unlike many great conductors who…

𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗟𝗜𝗦𝗭𝗧 — 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗠𝗜𝗥𝗔𝗖𝗟𝗘 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗 𝗧𝗢 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗦𝗧 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗢 𝗦𝗨𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗥 The early life of 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 (1811–1886) reads like the birth of modern virtuosity itself. Long before the word “superstar” existed, Liszt embodied…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗬𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗚 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗛𝗢𝗪 𝗔 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗩𝗜𝗡𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗟 𝗕𝗢𝗬 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗔𝗠𝗘 𝗔 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗖𝗘 When we imagine Johann Sebastian Bach, we often picture the mature master of Leipzig, the composer of the Passions and…

𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦, 𝗙𝗔𝗠𝗜𝗟𝗬 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗚𝗜𝗟𝗜𝗧𝗬 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗘𝗘𝗣𝗘𝗥 𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗟𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗢𝗦𝗖𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗜 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗢𝗥𝗢𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗭 The story of Arturo Toscanini and Vladimir Horowitz is often told as a glamorous tale: the greatest conductor of his era becomes…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗔𝗠𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗢𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗡 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗘𝗫𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗬 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗘𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗔𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗠𝗘𝗧 Ernest Ansermet (1883–1969) occupies a unique place in music history because his life intersected with almost every major…

𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗗 𝗢𝗡𝗟𝗬 33 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗦… 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗪𝗥𝗢𝗧𝗘 𝗔𝗡 𝗜𝗠𝗠𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗔𝗟 𝗚𝗢𝗗𝗗𝗘𝗦𝗦 — 𝗕𝗘𝗟𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗜, “𝗡𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗔”, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗛𝗢𝗥𝗧 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗔𝗧 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗔𝗠𝗘 𝗔 𝗟𝗘𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗗 Vincenzo Bellini (3 November 1801 – 23 September 1835) is one of those…

# **Johann Hermann Schein (1586–1630)** Johann Hermann Schein stands at one of the most fascinating crossroads in music history. He belonged to the remarkable generation that transformed German music by absorbing the revolutionary ideas…

# **Luciano Pavarotti — A Life (II)** ## **Global Stardom and the Reign of the Tenor (1966–1985)** **Luciano Pavarotti** The period between **1966 and 1985** marks the true ascent of Luciano Pavarotti from an…

# **ARIA AND SONG (II) - (Book: **Mozart, His Character, His Work by Alfred Einstein**) ** ## Mozart on *Il curioso indiscreto*: Success, Intrigue, and a Printed “Notice” (Letter of **2 July**) On **2…

# **ARIA AND SONG (I) - (Book: **Mozart, His Character, His Work by Alfred Einstein**)** In this chapter—which is something like an **intermezzo**—we approach the final part of our investigation, the chapter devoted to…

# **The Orchestral Concert as Tournament: From Concerto Grosso to Sinfonia Concertante (Book:** Mozart, His Character, His Work by Alfred Einstein) We are now entirely in the realm of concert music when to the…

# **Hiroshi Wakasugi (1935–2009): A Life in 20 Chapters ** Hiroshi Wakasugi occupies a unique and austere place in the history of Japanese conducting. Less publicly celebrated than Seiji Ozawa and far less mythologized…

# **UNIVERSALITY - (Book: Mozart, His Character, His Work** by Alfred Einstein) In one of his letters to his father (7 February 1778), Mozart writes that, as Leopold well knew, he—Wolfgang—was able *“to adopt…

# **Patriotism and Education** **(Book: Mozart, His Character, His Work** by Alfred Einstein) It is striking how closely this letter resembles another, likewise addressed to the Rhineland: Emperor Joseph II’s letter of **13 July…

# **Catholicism and Freemasonry** **(Book: Mozart, His Character, His Work** by Alfred Einstein) The attitude of educated and high-ranking Catholics in the eighteenth century toward religion was aptly captured—long before Mozart—by “Madame,” **Élisabeth Charlotte**,…

# **MOZART AND “THE ETERNAL-FEMININE”** **(Book: Mozart, His Character, His Work** by Alfred Einstein) There is **no biography of Mozart** that does not contain a chapter devoted to the theme of **“Mozart and women,”**…

# **THE CITIZEN AND THE GENIUS (Book: Mozart, His Character, His Work** by Alfred Einstein) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Character, Society, and Destiny Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart began his creative path as a **child prodigy**. As…