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# **The Orchestral Concert as Tournament: From Concerto Grosso to Sinfonia Concertante (Book:** Mozart, His Character, His Work by Alfred Einstein) We are now entirely in the realm of concert music when to the…

𝐁𝐄𝐄𝐓𝐇𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐍’𝐒 𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐂𝐄𝐑𝐓𝐎 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟗 𝐊𝐀𝐑𝐀𝐉𝐀𝐍, 𝐎𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐊𝐇, 𝐑𝐎𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎𝐏𝐎𝐕𝐈𝐂𝐇 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐇𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝐑𝐄𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐃𝐈𝐍𝐆 Few classical recordings have ever assembled such an extraordinary concentration of musical personalities as the celebrated 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟗 EMI recording of Beethoven’s Triple…

𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐏𝐈𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐔𝐆𝐇 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐌𝐏𝐎𝐑𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐒 𝐅𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐒, 𝐋𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐒, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐑𝐈𝐕𝐀𝐋𝐒 𝐁𝐘 𝐏𝐈𝐄𝐑𝐑𝐄 𝐇. 𝐀𝐙𝐎𝐔𝐑𝐘 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐓 𝐈𝐈 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐒 𝐘𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐒, 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟏–𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟗 𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐏𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝟏𝟎 — 𝐀 𝐓𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐑 𝐀𝐓𝐓𝐀𝐂𝐇𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐒𝐎𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐆𝐄 𝐒𝐀𝐍𝐃 When 𝐅𝐫𝐲𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐲𝐤 𝐂𝐡𝐨𝐩𝐢𝐧 became 𝐆𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐒𝐚𝐧𝐝’s lover…

𝐁𝐑𝐔𝐍𝐎 𝐖𝐀𝐋𝐓𝐄𝐑 — 𝐌𝐀𝐇𝐋𝐄𝐑’𝐒 𝐂𝐋𝐎𝐒𝐄𝐒𝐓 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐂𝐈𝐏𝐋𝐄 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐂𝐀𝐑𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐃 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐄𝐆𝐀𝐂𝐘 𝐈𝐍𝐓𝐎 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐔𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐄 Bruno Walter was much more than one of the leading conductors of the twentieth century. He was…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗢𝗭 𝗔𝗦 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗕𝗬 𝗛𝗜𝗠𝗦𝗘𝗟𝗙 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟭𝟯 𝗠𝗼𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘀, 𝗕𝗿𝗶𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗱𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗛𝗮𝗿𝗼𝗹𝗱 𝗶𝗻 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗲 𝗪𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘂𝘁 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 — 𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟭–𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟮 After the frenzy of his flight toward Paris, the abandoned plan of…

𝗠𝗔𝗛𝗟𝗘𝗥 𝗝𝗢𝗦𝗘 𝗟𝗨𝗜𝗦 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗭 𝗗𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗘𝗔𝗚𝗔 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟭𝟴 𝗧𝘄𝗼 𝗛𝗲𝗮𝗱𝘀, 𝗢𝗻𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝘂𝗺𝗺𝗲𝗿 𝗥𝗲𝘁𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗹𝘆 𝗕𝘂𝗶𝗹𝘁 𝗔𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀 When 𝗚𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘃 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 married 𝗔𝗹𝗺𝗮 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗱𝗹𝗲𝗿 in 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟮,…

𝗝𝗨𝗟𝗜𝗔 𝗙𝗜𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗥: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗜𝗢𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗜𝗦𝗧 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗡𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗥 𝗔𝗕𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗢𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗢 𝗝𝘂𝗹𝗶𝗮 𝗙𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿 is best known as one of the outstanding violinists of her generation, but her musical identity has never been limited to a single…

𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗟𝗜𝗦𝗭𝗧’𝗦 𝗙𝗜𝗙𝗧𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗥𝗨𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗣𝗜𝗘𝗖𝗘𝗦 Franz Liszt’s reputation has often been distorted by two opposing myths. To some listeners, he remains primarily the supreme nineteenth-century virtuoso: the dazzling showman who transformed the piano into…

𝗥𝗨𝗗𝗢𝗟𝗙 𝗕𝗨𝗖𝗛𝗕𝗜𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗥 — 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗔𝗧 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗢 𝗔𝗻𝗲𝗰𝗱𝗼𝘁𝗲𝘀, 𝗖𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗶𝘀𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀 — 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹𝗹𝘆 𝗔𝗿𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗱 The life of 𝗥𝘂𝗱𝗼𝗹𝗳 𝗕𝘂𝗰𝗵𝗯𝗶𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿 has been shaped by an unusual combination of precocious talent, Viennese musical tradition,…

𝗘𝗨𝗚𝗘𝗡 𝗝𝗢𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝟭𝟱 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦 Eugen Jochum is remembered above all as one of the supreme Bruckner conductors of the twentieth century, but that description captures only part of his achievement. His…

# 𝗡𝗜𝗞𝗢𝗟𝗔𝗨𝗦 𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗢𝗡𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗧 — 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔, 𝗦𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗨𝗔𝗟 ## 𝗔 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗿𝗲 𝗕𝘆 𝗔𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗠𝗶𝗸𝗮, 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗙ü𝗿𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘂𝗲𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗡𝗶𝗸𝗼𝗹𝗮𝘂𝘀 𝗛𝗮𝗿𝗻𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗿𝘁 **𝗡𝗶𝗸𝗼𝗹𝗮𝘂𝘀 𝗛𝗮𝗿𝗻𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗿𝘁: 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮, 𝗦𝗲𝗻𝘀𝘂𝗮𝗹** presents the world of opera as it…

# 𝗥𝗢𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗜𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗢𝗙 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗛𝗠𝗦 — 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗬𝗢𝗨𝗧𝗛𝗙𝗨𝗟 𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗖𝗜𝗣𝗟𝗘 𝗧𝗢 𝗖𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗛𝗘𝗜𝗥 The influence of **𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻** on **𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝘀 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗺𝘀** was profound, but it cannot be reduced to direct imitation.…

𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗛𝗔𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗞 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝟭𝟱 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦 Bernard Haitink’s greatness was rarely proclaimed through theatrical gestures, violent tempo manipulation or the deliberate imposition of a conductor’s personality upon the score. His authority emerged gradually,…

𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗩𝗢𝗡 𝗪𝗔𝗟𝗦𝗘𝗚𝗚 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗩𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗧, 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗘𝗖𝗥𝗘𝗧 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗠𝗜𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗢𝗡, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗧𝗥𝗨𝗧𝗛 𝗕𝗘𝗛𝗜𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧’𝗦 𝗥𝗘𝗤𝗨𝗜𝗘𝗠 Few minor figures in musical history have exercised such a decisive influence over the fate of a masterpiece…

𝗚𝗘𝗢𝗥𝗚𝗘 𝗦𝗭𝗘𝗟𝗟 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝟭𝟱 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦 George Szell is often remembered as the supreme orchestral disciplinarian: a conductor of relentless rehearsal, exact ensemble, perfectly balanced textures and uncompromising technical standards. Under his direction,…

𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗨𝗗𝗜𝗢 𝗔𝗕𝗕𝗔𝗗𝗢 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝟭𝟱 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦 Claudio Abbado’s finest recordings reveal a conductor whose authority rarely depended upon weight, domination or theatrical self-display. His interpretations were founded upon listening, transparency, rhythmic flexibility, instrumental…

𝗦𝗔𝗜𝗡𝗧-𝗦𝗔𝗘𝗡𝗦’𝗦 𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗥𝗨𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗣𝗜𝗘𝗖𝗘𝗦 — 𝗙𝗔𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗬𝗢𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 “𝗢𝗥𝗚𝗔𝗡” 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗣𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗬 Camille Saint-Saëns has often suffered from the very qualities that made him extraordinary. His technique seemed effortless, his craftsmanship was impeccable,…

𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡’𝗦 𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗟𝗩𝗘 𝗧𝗥𝗨𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗣𝗜𝗘𝗖𝗘𝗦: 𝗪𝗛𝗘𝗥𝗘 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗔𝗠𝗘𝗦 𝗗𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗬 To choose Beethoven’s twelve “true” masterpieces is not simply to choose his most famous works. Fame is not enough. Beethoven wrote works so central to Western…

𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 — 𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗞 𝗝𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗢𝗫𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗦 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟲 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗚𝗨𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗗𝗔𝗩𝗜𝗗 𝗔𝗡 𝗜𝗠𝗔𝗚𝗜𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗬 𝗕𝗥𝗢𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗥𝗛𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗙𝗢𝗥 𝗔 𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗟 𝗕𝗔𝗧𝗧𝗟𝗘 In the early 1830s, Robert Schumann began to…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗔 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟮𝟭 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗢𝗡𝗥𝗬 ════════════════════════════ 𝗜. 𝗔𝗡𝗢𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗥 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗘 After the portrait of Mozart as man, composer, performer, social being, elegant Viennese, player, worker, and vulnerable body, the biography enters…

𝗙𝗘𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗘𝗥 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟮𝟰 𝗢𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟭, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗸𝗳𝘂𝗿𝘁 𝗮𝗺 𝗠𝗮𝗶𝗻, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟭 𝗠𝗮𝘆 𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟱, 𝗖𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗻𝗲, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗿𝘆: 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗙𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗛𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗿 was one of the most cultivated and versatile musical figures of the nineteenth century:…

𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 — 𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗞 𝗝𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗢𝗫𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗦 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟯 — 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗟𝗜𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗢𝗢𝗞 𝗔𝗦 𝗔 𝗦𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗 𝗜𝗡𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗨𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 To understand Robert Schumann, one must begin with a simple…

𝗝𝗔𝗡 𝗟𝗔𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗟𝗔𝗩 𝗗𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗘𝗞: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗢𝗛𝗘𝗠𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗢 𝗣𝗢𝗘𝗧 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗢𝗪𝗘𝗗 𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗣𝗜𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗦𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗢 𝗝𝗮𝗻 𝗟𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘃 𝗗𝘂𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗸 𝗔𝗹𝘀𝗼 𝗸𝗻𝗼𝘄𝗻 𝗮𝘀: 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗟𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘂𝘀 𝗗𝘂𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗸 / 𝗝𝗮𝗻 𝗟𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘃 𝗗𝘂𝘀𝗶́𝗸 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭𝟮 𝗙𝗲𝗯𝗿𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟲𝟬,…

𝗘́𝗧𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗘-𝗡𝗜𝗖𝗢𝗟𝗔𝗦 𝗠𝗘́𝗛𝗨𝗟: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗢𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗥𝗘𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗬 𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗥𝗘-𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗔𝗚𝗘 𝗘́𝘁𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗲-𝗡𝗶𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗮𝘀 𝗠𝗲́𝗵𝘂𝗹 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟮𝟮 𝗝𝘂𝗻𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟲𝟯, 𝗚𝗶𝘃𝗲𝘁, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟴 𝗢𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟳, 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 Among the most powerful French…