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𝐖𝐎𝐉𝐂𝐈𝐄𝐂𝐇 𝐆𝐑𝐙𝐘𝐌𝐀Ł𝐀 — 𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐏𝐈𝐍’𝐒 𝐅𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐃, 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐅𝐈𝐃𝐀𝐍𝐓 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀𝐃𝐕𝐈𝐒𝐄𝐑 𝐈𝐍 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐒 The figure of 𝐖𝐨𝐣𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝐆𝐫𝐳𝐲𝐦𝐚ł𝐚 occupies a far more important place in the life of Fryderyk Chopin than his relative absence from popular biographies…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗢𝗭 𝗔𝗦 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗕𝗬 𝗛𝗜𝗠𝗦𝗘𝗟𝗙 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟵 𝗛𝗮𝗿𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘁 𝗦𝗺𝗶𝘁𝗵𝘀𝗼𝗻: 𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗸𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗟𝗼𝘃𝗲 𝗔𝗻 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗶𝘀𝗵 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗾𝘂𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀 — 𝗔𝘂𝘁𝘂𝗺𝗻 𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟳 By the time the English actors arrived in Paris, 𝗛𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿…

𝗠𝗔𝗛𝗟𝗘𝗥 𝗝𝗢𝗦𝗘 𝗟𝗨𝗜𝗦 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗭 𝗗𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗘𝗔𝗚𝗔 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟲 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗲𝗻-𝗬𝗲𝗮𝗿-𝗢𝗹𝗱 𝗶𝗻 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗮𝗽𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗹 When 𝗚𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘃 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 arrived in 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮 in 𝟭𝟴𝟳𝟱, he was only fifteen years old, but he had already…

𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗕𝘆 𝗝𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜𝗜 — 𝗔𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝘁𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗔𝗿𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟰 — 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁𝗼𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗮: 𝗕𝗲𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗼𝗽 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝗿 Before the modern pop idol, before the cinema star, before mass media…

𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 — 𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗞 𝗝𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗢𝗫𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗦 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟵 — 𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗗 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗜𝗡 𝗟𝗘𝗜𝗣𝗭𝗜𝗚 𝗔𝗙𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗜𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥𝗬, 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗛𝗢𝗨𝗦𝗘𝗛𝗢𝗟𝗗 After so many years of waiting, secrecy, humiliation, legal anxiety,…

𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗳𝗹𝗶𝗰𝘁: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗙𝗮𝗺𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗮𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗛𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 The history of classical music is often presented as a noble succession of geniuses: 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵, 𝗛𝗮𝘆𝗱𝗻, 𝗠𝗼𝘇𝗮𝗿𝘁, 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻, 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁,…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗗𝘂𝗲𝗹 𝗼𝗳 𝗚𝗶𝗮𝗻𝘁𝘀: 𝗣𝗼𝗿𝗽𝗼𝗿𝗮 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 𝗶𝗻 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗻 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗻 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟯𝟬𝘀: 𝗔𝗻 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗕𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱 𝗜. 𝗔 𝗖𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗧𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗧𝘂𝗿𝗻𝗲𝗱 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗼 𝗪𝗮𝗿 London in the 1730s was not merely a great musical…

𝐒𝐎𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐆𝐄 𝐃𝐔𝐃𝐄𝐕𝐀𝐍𝐓-𝐒𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐃𝐀𝐔𝐆𝐇𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝐎𝐅 𝐆𝐄𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐄 𝐒𝐀𝐍𝐃, 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐄, 𝐑𝐄𝐁𝐄𝐋, 𝐖𝐑𝐈𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐎𝐍𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏𝐋𝐄𝐗 𝐅𝐈𝐆𝐔𝐑𝐄𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐏𝐈𝐍’𝐒 𝐅𝐈𝐍𝐀𝐋 𝐘𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐒 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐃𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐭-𝐒𝐚𝐧𝐝, later known as 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐂𝐥é𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐫-𝐒𝐚𝐧𝐝, was born in 1828 into a family…

𝐆𝐄𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐄 𝐒𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐄-𝐀𝐔𝐑𝐎𝐑𝐄-𝐋𝐔𝐂𝐈𝐋𝐄 𝐃𝐔𝐏𝐈𝐍 — 𝐖𝐑𝐈𝐓𝐄𝐑, 𝐑𝐄𝐁𝐄𝐋, 𝐋𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐑, 𝐌𝐎𝐓𝐇𝐄𝐑 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐎𝐍𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐀𝐓 𝐕𝐎𝐈𝐂𝐄𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐇 𝐑𝐎𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐈𝐒𝐌 Few figures in nineteenth-century French culture united so many apparently contradictory identities as 𝐆𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐒𝐚𝐧𝐝. She…

𝐁𝐄𝐄𝐓𝐇𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐍’𝐒 𝐃𝐄𝐀𝐓𝐇 𝐌𝐀𝐒𝐊 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐈𝐋𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐅𝐀𝐂𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐔𝐒 Ludwig van Beethoven died in Vienna on the afternoon of 26 March 1827, in his apartment in the Schwarzspanierhaus, after a long period of…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗢𝗭 𝗔𝗦 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗕𝗬 𝗛𝗜𝗠𝗦𝗘𝗟𝗙 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟮𝟬 𝗘𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗲 𝗢𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝗿𝗲: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗹𝗼𝘄 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗦𝗶𝗹𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗶𝗿 𝗧𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗪𝗮𝘀 𝗘𝗺𝗽𝘁𝘆 — 𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟴 When 𝗛𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗼𝘇 returned to France from…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗢𝗭 𝗔𝗦 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗕𝗬 𝗛𝗜𝗠𝗦𝗘𝗟𝗙 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟭𝟮 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗲, 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘆𝗮𝗹, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗮𝗱 𝗝𝗼𝘂𝗿𝗻𝗲𝘆 𝗛𝗼𝗺𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝘇𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗧𝗼𝗼𝗸 𝗛𝗶𝗺 𝗔𝘄𝗮𝘆 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗛𝗮𝗽𝗽𝗶𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀 — 𝗟𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟬–𝗘𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟭 After five years of…

𝗠𝗔𝗛𝗟𝗘𝗥 𝗝𝗢𝗦𝗘 𝗟𝗨𝗜𝗦 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗭 𝗗𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗘𝗔𝗚𝗔 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟮𝟬 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗧𝗲𝗻-𝗡𝗼𝘁𝗲 𝗖𝗵𝗼𝗿𝗱 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗙𝗮𝗿𝗲𝘄𝗲𝗹𝗹 𝗡𝗲𝘄 𝗬𝗼𝗿𝗸, 𝗔𝗹𝗺𝗮, 𝗪𝗮𝗹𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗚𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗶𝘂𝘀, 𝗙𝗿𝗲𝘂𝗱, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗨𝗻𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗵𝗲𝗱 𝗧𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗵, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿’𝘀 𝗟𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝗝𝗼𝘂𝗿𝗻𝗲𝘆 When 𝗚𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘃 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿 arrived in 𝗡𝗲𝘄…

𝗠𝗔𝗛𝗟𝗘𝗥 𝗝𝗢𝗦𝗘 𝗟𝗨𝗜𝗦 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗭 𝗗𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗘𝗔𝗚𝗔 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟭𝟰 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗮𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗛𝗲 𝗔𝗰𝗰𝗲𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗱, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗛𝗲 𝗖𝗿𝗼𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗱, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮 𝗛𝗲 𝗖𝗮𝗺𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗥𝘂𝗹𝗲 By the beginning of 𝟭𝟴𝟵𝟳, 𝗚𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘃 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿…

𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗕𝘆 𝗝𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗩𝗜 — 𝗠𝗶𝗿𝗿𝗼𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝘆 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗼𝗿𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟮𝟰 — 𝗪𝗼𝗺𝗲𝗻 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗥𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁, 𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟬𝘀–𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟬𝘀 The memory of 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 was preserved not only by critics, composers, pupils, and…

𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗕𝘆 𝗝𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗩𝗜 — 𝗠𝗶𝗿𝗿𝗼𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝘆 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗼𝗿𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟮𝟮 — 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗼𝗻 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 Among the witnesses who tried to understand 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁, 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 occupies a privileged place. He…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗢𝗭 𝗔𝗦 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗕𝗬 𝗛𝗜𝗠𝗦𝗘𝗟𝗙 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟲 𝗖𝗵𝗲𝗿𝘂𝗯𝗶𝗻𝗶, 𝗟𝗲𝘀𝘂𝗲𝘂𝗿, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝗯𝗲𝗹 𝗮𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗶𝗿𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗟𝗲𝘀𝘂𝗲𝘂𝗿: 𝗜𝗺𝗮𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗪𝗶𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘂𝘁 𝗧𝗲𝗰𝗵𝗻𝗶𝗾𝘂𝗲 — 𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟯 Once 𝗛𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗼𝘇 had decided that he would…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗢𝗭 𝗔𝗦 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗕𝗬 𝗛𝗜𝗠𝗦𝗘𝗟𝗙 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟰 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗥𝗼𝗼𝗺 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮 𝗔 𝗙𝗮𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿’𝘀 𝗣𝗹𝗮𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗮 𝗦𝗼𝗻’𝘀 𝗗𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗱 — 𝗖𝗶𝗿𝗰𝗮 𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟬–𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟭 As adolescence drew to its end,…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗢𝗭 𝗔𝗦 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗕𝗬 𝗛𝗜𝗠𝗦𝗘𝗟𝗙 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟮 𝗘𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗶𝗻𝗸 𝗦𝗹𝗶𝗽𝗽𝗲𝗿𝘀: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗼𝘃𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗡𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝘂𝗺𝗺𝗲𝗿 𝗧𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗱 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 Long before music had entirely claimed him,…

𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 — 𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗞 𝗝𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗢𝗫𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗦 𝗘𝗣𝗜𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗨𝗘 — “𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗢𝗘𝗧 𝗦𝗣𝗘𝗔𝗞𝗦”: 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗛𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗 𝗔𝗦 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗧 𝗦𝗘𝗖𝗥𝗘𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 At the end of Robert Schumann’s…

𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 — 𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗞 𝗝𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗢𝗫𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗦 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟯 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗦 𝗜𝗡 𝗗Ü𝗦𝗦𝗘𝗟𝗗𝗢𝗥𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗛𝗘 𝗡𝗘𝗘𝗗𝗘𝗗 — 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗟𝗗 𝗡𝗢𝗧 𝗕𝗘𝗔𝗥 When Robert Schumann…

𝗢𝗧𝗧𝗢 𝗞𝗟𝗘𝗠𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗥 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝟭𝟱 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦 Otto Klemperer’s recorded legacy is frequently reduced to a convenient stereotype: monumental tempos, massive sonorities and granite-like severity. Those qualities certainly formed part of his mature style,…