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𝐇𝐔𝐁𝐄𝐑𝐓 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐑𝐘 𝐇𝐄𝐋𝐏𝐄𝐃 𝐑𝐄𝐕𝐈𝐕𝐄 𝐁𝐑𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐒𝐇 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂... 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐈𝐍𝐒𝐏𝐈𝐑𝐄𝐃 𝐀 𝐍𝐄𝐖 𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐄𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐇𝐔𝐁𝐄𝐑𝐓 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐑𝐘 𝐇𝐄𝐋𝐏𝐄𝐃 𝐑𝐄𝐕𝐈𝐕𝐄 𝐁𝐑𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐒𝐇 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂... 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐈𝐍𝐒𝐏𝐈𝐑𝐄𝐃 𝐀 𝐍𝐄𝐖 𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐄𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 One of Britain's greatest musical educators transformed English composition after centuries of…

𝗦𝗜𝗥 𝗛𝗘𝗡𝗥𝗬 𝗪𝗢𝗢𝗗 (1869–1944) — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗧𝗘𝗖𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗢𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗡 𝗕𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗦𝗛 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 (1869–1894) Sir Henry Joseph Wood was born in London on 3 March 1869, into a musically inclined family.…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗢𝗭 𝗔𝗦 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗕𝗬 𝗛𝗜𝗠𝗦𝗘𝗟𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗢𝗭 𝗔𝗦 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗕𝗬 𝗛𝗜𝗠𝗦𝗘𝗟𝗙 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟭𝟴 𝗔 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗲𝘁 𝗔𝗯𝗿𝗼𝗮𝗱: 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆, 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗿𝘆, 𝗥𝘂𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗮, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗻 𝗪𝗵𝗲𝗻 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗱 𝗡𝗼 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗿 𝗕𝗲…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗢𝗭 𝗔𝗦 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗕𝗬 𝗛𝗜𝗠𝗦𝗘𝗟𝗙 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟭𝟴 𝗔 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗲𝘁 𝗔𝗯𝗿𝗼𝗮𝗱: 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆, 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗿𝘆, 𝗥𝘂𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗮, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗻 𝗪𝗵𝗲𝗻 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗱 𝗡𝗼 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗿 𝗕𝗲 𝗘𝗻𝗼𝘂𝗴𝗵 — 𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟮 For years, 𝗛𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗼𝘇 had struggled…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝘀𝗼-𝗰𝗮𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗱 ‘𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗲𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽 𝗘𝘃𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴’ 𝗯𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗶𝘀𝗵 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗽𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗰 𝗼𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘀, 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗻, 𝟭𝟵𝟯𝟲 (𝗯/𝘄 𝗽𝗵𝗼𝘁𝗼) From left to right: 𝗖𝗮𝗿𝗹 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵𝘁 (1880–1967) was a German conductor; 𝗧𝗵𝗼𝗺𝗮𝘀 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗺 (1879–1961) was a British conductor; 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗺…

𝗘𝗗𝗩𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗚𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗚: 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗚𝗘𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗛𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗧𝗢 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗜𝗥𝗧𝗛 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗡𝗢𝗥𝗪𝗘𝗚𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗩𝗢𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗘𝗱𝘃𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗛𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗿𝘂𝗽 𝗚𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗴 was born in 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗲𝗻, 𝗡𝗼𝗿𝘄𝗮𝘆, on 𝟭𝟱 𝗝𝘂𝗻𝗲 𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟯, into a cultivated and prosperous family whose atmosphere was…

𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗧𝗢𝗟𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗨𝗟𝗔𝗥𝗜 𝗔 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗢𝗡𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗣𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗜𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗕𝗔𝗟𝗟𝗘𝗧, 𝗥𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗣𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗢𝗡, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗢𝗥𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗟 𝗖𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗨𝗥 𝗔𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗹𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗶 was born in 𝗞𝗶𝗲𝘃 on 𝟮𝟬 𝗔𝘂𝗴𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟳 and died in 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗻 on 𝟮𝟭 𝗔𝘂𝗴𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟵𝟵𝟱, one…

𝐒𝐢𝐫 𝐌𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐦 𝐒𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐭: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐆𝐥𝐚𝐦𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐌𝐚𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐌𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐁𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐠 There are conductors whose greatness lies in severity, austerity, and intellectual weight, and there are others whose power comes from something more public, more…

𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 𝗶𝗻 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗻 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 The most international voice of the German Baroque If Bach represents spiritual depth and Telemann represents versatility, 𝗚𝗲𝗼𝗿𝗴 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗰 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 (1685–1759) represents global success, theatrical genius and…

𝐋𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐤𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐤𝐢 — 𝐀𝐧𝐞𝐜𝐝𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐇𝐢𝐬 𝐋𝐢𝐟𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐞𝐫 Leopold Stokowski was one of the most charismatic, theatrical, and influential conductors of the twentieth century. He reinvented the role of the conductor,…

# **HENRY CHARLES LITOLFF — A LIFE** ## **I. Origins, Childhood, and Early Musical Awakening** Henry Charles Litolff was born in London on **August 7, 1818**, the son of a Scottish mother, Sophie Hayes,…

𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐇𝐔𝐑 𝐒𝐔𝐋𝐋𝐈𝐕𝐀𝐍 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐀𝐓 𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐀𝐓 𝐀𝐑𝐓 𝐂𝐀𝐍 𝐀𝐋𝐒𝐎 𝐌𝐀𝐊𝐄 𝐌𝐈𝐋𝐋𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒... 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐍𝐆𝐄𝐃 𝐄𝐍𝐆𝐋𝐈𝐒𝐇 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐄𝐕𝐄𝐑 One of Britain's greatest composers brought classical music to millions through wit, melody, and unforgettable theatre. When 𝐒𝐢𝐫 𝐀𝐫𝐭𝐡𝐮𝐫…

𝐀𝐋𝐀𝐍 𝐑𝐀𝐖𝐒𝐓𝐇𝐎𝐑𝐍𝐄 𝐖𝐑𝐎𝐓 𝐅𝐎𝐑 𝐇𝐎𝐋𝐋𝐘𝐖𝐎𝐎𝐃... 𝐁𝐔𝐓 𝐍𝐄𝐕𝐄𝐑 𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐌𝐈𝐒𝐄𝐃 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂 One of Britain's finest twentieth-century composers quietly became a master of both the concert hall and the cinema. When 𝐀𝐥𝐚𝐧 𝐑𝐚𝐰𝐬𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐧𝐞 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟓–𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟏) began composing…

𝐌𝐀𝐋𝐂𝐎𝐋𝐌 𝐀𝐑𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐃 𝐖𝐎𝐍 𝐀𝐍 𝐎𝐒𝐂𝐀𝐑... 𝐁𝐔𝐓 𝐍𝐄𝐕𝐄𝐑 𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐏𝐏𝐄𝐃 𝐖𝐑𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐅𝐎𝐑 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐂𝐄𝐑𝐓 𝐇𝐀𝐋𝐋 One of Britain's most gifted composers achieved success in both the concert hall and the cinema. When 𝐌𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐦 𝐀𝐫𝐧𝐨𝐥𝐝 (𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟏–𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟔) was…

𝗔𝗿𝗻𝗼𝗹𝗱 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗲𝗻𝗯𝗲𝗿𝗴 – 𝗙𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗣𝗶𝗲𝗰𝗲𝘀 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮, 𝗢𝗽. 𝟭𝟲 Composed in 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟵, 𝗔𝗿𝗻𝗼𝗹𝗱 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗲𝗻𝗯𝗲𝗿𝗴’𝘀 𝗙𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗣𝗶𝗲𝗰𝗲𝘀 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮, 𝗢𝗽. 𝟭𝟲, stands as one of the decisive works of early twentieth-century modernism. Written at a…

𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐏𝐈𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐔𝐆𝐇 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐌𝐏𝐎𝐑𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐒 𝐅𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐒, 𝐋𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐒, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐑𝐈𝐕𝐀𝐋𝐒 𝐁𝐘 𝐏𝐈𝐄𝐑𝐑𝐄 𝐇. 𝐀𝐙𝐎𝐔𝐑𝐘 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐓 𝐈𝐈 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐒 𝐘𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐒, 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟏–𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟗 𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐏𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝟗 — 𝐀𝐍 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐈𝐂 𝐃𝐄𝐕𝐎𝐓𝐄𝐄 𝐏𝐀𝐔𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐄 𝐕𝐈𝐀𝐑𝐃𝐎𝐓 Among the many women who entered 𝐅𝐫𝐲𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐲𝐤…

𝐖𝐎𝐉𝐂𝐈𝐄𝐂𝐇 𝐆𝐑𝐙𝐘𝐌𝐀Ł𝐀 — 𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐏𝐈𝐍’𝐒 𝐅𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐃, 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐅𝐈𝐃𝐀𝐍𝐓 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀𝐃𝐕𝐈𝐒𝐄𝐑 𝐈𝐍 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐒 The figure of 𝐖𝐨𝐣𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝐆𝐫𝐳𝐲𝐦𝐚ł𝐚 occupies a far more important place in the life of Fryderyk Chopin than his relative absence from popular biographies…

𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐏𝐈𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐔𝐆𝐇 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐌𝐏𝐎𝐑𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐒 𝐅𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐒, 𝐋𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐒, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐑𝐈𝐕𝐀𝐋𝐒 𝐁𝐘 𝐏𝐈𝐄𝐑𝐑𝐄 𝐇. 𝐀𝐙𝐎𝐔𝐑𝐘 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐓 𝐈𝐈 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐒 𝐘𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐒, 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟏–𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟗 𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐏𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝟕 — 𝐀 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐓𝐑𝐔𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐅𝐈𝐃𝐀𝐍𝐓 𝐖𝐎𝐘𝐂𝐈𝐄𝐂𝐇 𝐆𝐑𝐙𝐘𝐌𝐀Ł𝐀 Among the many people who entered…

𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗕𝘆 𝗝𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗩𝗜 — 𝗠𝗶𝗿𝗿𝗼𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝘆 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗼𝗿𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟮𝟯 — 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗶𝗻 𝗥𝘂𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗮 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱 - 𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟰–𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟳 Between his early appearances in 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗶𝗻 𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟰–𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟳, his mature triumphs there…

𝗪𝗔𝗚𝗡𝗘𝗥 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗢𝗭: 𝗔𝗗𝗠𝗜𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡, 𝗥𝗜𝗩𝗔𝗟𝗥𝗬 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗔𝗧𝗧𝗟𝗘 𝗙𝗢𝗥 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗨𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 The relationship between 𝗛𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗼𝘇 and 𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗲𝗿 was one of the most fascinating—and most frequently misunderstood—encounters in nineteenth-century music. They…

𝗝𝗔𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗔 𝗛𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗜𝗡 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝟭𝟱 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦 Jascha Horenstein belonged to a generation of conductors for whom interpretation was founded upon structural understanding, stylistic responsibility and absolute concentration rather than theatrical personality. His performances…

𝗘𝗟𝗜𝗔𝗛𝗨 𝗜𝗡𝗕𝗔𝗟 — 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗜𝗡 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆, 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗟𝗮𝘁𝗲-𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝗲 Eliahu Inbal belongs to that rare generation of conductors whose careers were shaped by the great European symphonic tradition,…