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𝗧𝗢𝗟𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗬 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗪𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗗, 𝗙𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗘𝗗, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗝𝗨𝗗𝗚𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗢𝗪𝗘𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗦𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗗 Few great writers had a relationship with music as fascinating, contradictory, and morally charged as 𝗟𝗲𝗼 𝗧𝗼𝗹𝘀𝘁𝗼𝘆. He was not…

𝐒𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐌𝐢𝐥𝐧𝐞𝐬: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐕𝐞𝐫𝐝𝐢 𝐁𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫, 𝐍𝐨𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐝 There are baritones whose greatness lies in vocal beauty alone, and others whose greatness comes from something broader and…

𝐓𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐚 𝐑𝐮𝐟𝐟𝐨: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐋𝐢𝐨𝐧-𝐕𝐨𝐢𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐁𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐕𝐞𝐫𝐝𝐢, 𝐃𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐚, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐝 There are baritones whose greatness rests on style, others on refinement, and a very few whose very sound seems to…

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐋𝐢𝐟𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐇𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐥 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟯: 𝗕𝗘𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗧𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗚𝗘𝗦 — 𝗣𝗢𝗪𝗘𝗥, 𝗣𝗔𝗧𝗥𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗚𝗘, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗜𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗣𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 (𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟮–𝟭𝟳𝟮𝟬) After the dazzling success of 𝗥𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹𝗱𝗼 in London, Handel entered one of the most important transitional phases…

𝐖𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐖𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐞𝐫: 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫, 𝐒𝐚𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐞, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐑𝐞𝐝𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 Wagner’s female characters are among the most compelling in nineteenth-century opera. Isolde, Brünnhilde, Elisabeth, Senta, Kundry and others possess immense dramatic force, psychological intensity, and symbolic importance.…

𝐂𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐒 𝐊𝐑𝐀𝐔𝐒𝐒 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐍𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐈𝐑𝐁𝐎𝐘 𝐓𝐎 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐂 𝐏𝐎𝐖𝐄𝐑: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 (𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟑–𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟗) 𝐈. 𝐁𝐎𝐑𝐍 𝐈𝐍𝐓𝐎 𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐍𝐄𝐒𝐄 𝐓𝐇𝐄𝐀𝐓𝐑𝐄 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐀 𝐖𝐎𝐑𝐋𝐃 𝐂𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐬 𝐇𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐊𝐫𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐬 was born in Vienna…

𝐉𝐀𝐌𝐄𝐒 𝐋𝐄𝐕𝐈𝐍𝐄 — 𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐈𝐔𝐒, 𝐏𝐎𝐖𝐄𝐑 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐒𝐘: 𝐀𝐍𝐄𝐂𝐃𝐎𝐓𝐄𝐒 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐔𝐑𝐈𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐄𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐎𝐑𝐃𝐄𝐑 (𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟑–𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏) 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐆𝐘 𝐀𝐓 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐏𝐈𝐀𝐍𝐎 (𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟑–𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟎𝐬) 𝐉𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐬 𝐋𝐚𝐰𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐋𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐞 (𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟑–𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟏) was born on 23 June 1943 in Cincinnati, Ohio,…

𝐅𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐳 𝐑𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐫 (1888–1963) was a Hungarian-born American conductor and one of the most influential orchestral interpreters of the 20th century. Born in 𝐁𝐮𝐝𝐚𝐩𝐞𝐬𝐭, he studied at the 𝐅𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐳 𝐋𝐢𝐬𝐳𝐭 𝐀𝐜𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐦𝐲, where one of his…

𝐎𝐭𝐭𝐨 𝐊𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐫 (1885–1973) was a German conductor and composer, and one of the most important interpreters of the 20th century. Born in 𝐁𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐥𝐚𝐮, then part of the German Empire, he studied in Frankfurt and…

𝐁𝐫𝐮𝐧𝐨 𝐖𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐞𝐫 (1876–1962) was a German-born conductor, pianist and composer, and one of the most distinguished conductors of the 20th century. Born in 𝐁𝐞𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐧, he began his career as a pianist before turning to…

𝐂𝐋𝐀𝐔𝐃𝐈𝐎 𝐀𝐁𝐁𝐀𝐃𝐎 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐁𝐔𝐈𝐋𝐓 𝐎𝐑𝐂𝐇𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐒 𝐀𝐑𝐎𝐔𝐍𝐃 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐈𝐀𝐍𝐒, 𝐍𝐎𝐓 𝐄𝐆𝐎𝐒 Claudio Abbado belonged to a generation in which the great conductor was still frequently imagined as an absolute ruler: an imposing figure…

𝐎𝐓𝐓𝐎 𝐊𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐑 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐑𝐀𝐈𝐍 𝐓𝐔𝐌𝐎𝐔𝐑 𝐓𝐇𝐀𝐓 𝐍𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐘 𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐃 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐂𝐀𝐑𝐄𝐄𝐑 Otto Klemperer’s life was marked not only by exceptional musical achievement, but also by illness, exile, physical disability and repeated personal catastrophe. Among…

𝐀𝐀𝐑𝐎𝐍 𝐂𝐎𝐏𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐃 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐀𝐓𝐇𝐄𝐑 𝐎𝐅 𝐀𝐌𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐍 𝐂𝐋𝐀𝐒𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂 𝐀𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐝 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟎–𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟎) is widely regarded as 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐡𝐨 𝐠𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐀𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐦𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜 𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐮𝐧𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐤𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐨𝐢𝐜𝐞. More than any other twentieth-century composer, he…

𝐒𝐀𝐌𝐔𝐄𝐋 𝐁𝐀𝐑𝐁𝐄𝐑 𝐖𝐑𝐎𝐓𝐄 𝐎𝐍𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐌𝐎𝐕𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐏𝐈𝐄𝐂𝐄𝐒 𝐄𝐕𝐄𝐑 𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐄𝐃... 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐁𝐄𝐂𝐀𝐌𝐄 𝐀𝐌𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐀'𝐒 𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐀𝐓𝐄𝐒𝐓 𝐋𝐘𝐑𝐈𝐂 𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐄𝐑 Few composers have captured human emotion with such beauty, sincerity, and timeless power. When 𝐒𝐚𝐦𝐮𝐞𝐥 𝐁𝐚𝐫𝐛𝐞𝐫 (𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟎–𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟏)…

𝐉𝐎𝐇𝐍 𝐈𝐑𝐄𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐅𝐎𝐔𝐍𝐃 𝐈𝐍𝐒𝐏𝐈𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐈𝐍 𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐃𝐒𝐂𝐀𝐏𝐄𝐒... 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐑𝐄𝐀𝐓𝐄𝐃 𝐒𝐎𝐌𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐁𝐑𝐈𝐓𝐀𝐈𝐍'𝐒 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐄𝐓𝐈𝐂 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂 One of Britain's most original composers believed that places could possess a mysterious spiritual power. When 𝐉𝐨𝐡𝐧 𝐈𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐝 (𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟗–𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟐)…

When 𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐫𝐲 𝐏𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐥𝐥 (𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟗–𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟓) died at the age of 𝟑𝟔, England lost 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐦𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐮𝐬 𝐢𝐭 𝐡𝐚𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞. Despite his short life, Purcell composed 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐬, including operas,…

𝗠𝗔𝗛𝗟𝗘𝗥 𝗝𝗢𝗦𝗘 𝗟𝗨𝗜𝗦 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗭 𝗗𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗘𝗔𝗚𝗔 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟭𝟵 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟳: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗬𝗲𝗮𝗿 𝗘𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗖𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗮𝗽𝘀𝗲𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗗𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗛𝗲𝗮𝗿𝘁 𝗗𝗶𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘀, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗘𝗻𝗱 𝗼𝗳 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗻 𝗘𝘅𝗶𝗹𝗲 At the beginning…

𝗠𝗔𝗛𝗟𝗘𝗥 𝗝𝗢𝗦𝗘 𝗟𝗨𝗜𝗦 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗭 𝗗𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗘𝗔𝗚𝗔 𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝟭𝟲 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗜𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝗲 𝗔𝗹𝗳𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗥𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗿, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝗴𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗟𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿’𝘀 𝗪𝗮𝗿 𝗔𝗴𝗮𝗶𝗻𝘀𝘁 𝗥𝗼𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗲 By the beginning of the twentieth century, 𝗚𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘃 𝗠𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗲𝗿…

𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 𝗕𝘆 𝗝𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗲𝗸𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜𝗩 — 𝗔𝘁 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗲, 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗿, 𝗕𝘂𝗱𝗮𝗽𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟳 — 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗲: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗶𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁 Rome was not simply another city in 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘇𝘁’𝘀 restless itinerary. It was the place…

𝗝𝗔𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗔 𝗛𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗜𝗡 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝟭𝟱 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦 Jascha Horenstein belonged to a generation of conductors for whom interpretation was founded upon structural understanding, stylistic responsibility and absolute concentration rather than theatrical personality. His performances…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧: 𝗔 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗬𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡 𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟯𝟮 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗢𝗪𝗘𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 ════════════════════════════ 𝗔𝗙𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗛: 𝗪𝗛𝗔𝗧 𝗥𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗜𝗡𝗦 After 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗝𝗼𝘂𝗿𝗻𝗲𝘆, Solomon does not end his biography with the corpse, the grave, the…

𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗨𝗗𝗜𝗢 𝗔𝗕𝗕𝗔𝗗𝗢 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝟭𝟱 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦 Claudio Abbado’s finest recordings reveal a conductor whose authority rarely depended upon weight, domination or theatrical self-display. His interpretations were founded upon listening, transparency, rhythmic flexibility, instrumental…

𝗞𝗔𝗥𝗟 𝗕𝗢̈𝗛𝗠 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝟭𝟱 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦 Karl Böhm’s reputation rests above all upon Mozart, Richard Strauss, Wagner, Schubert and Bruckner. He was neither a cultivator of orchestral glamour in the Karajan manner nor…