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𝗦𝗜𝗥 𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗥𝗕𝗜𝗥𝗢𝗟𝗟𝗜 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝟭𝟱 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦 Sir John Barbirolli was one of the most affectionate, instinctive and profoundly humane conductors of the twentieth century. He did not seek orchestral perfection as an…

𝗟𝗘𝗢𝗣𝗢𝗟𝗗 𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗞𝗢𝗪𝗦𝗞𝗜 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝟭𝟱 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘𝗦𝗧 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦 Leopold Stokowski was one of the most imaginative, controversial and influential conductors in recording history. His art was founded not only upon interpretation, but upon the very…

𝗪𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗘𝗠 𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗚𝗘𝗟𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗚 𝗥𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦 — 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗠𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝗘𝗦𝗦𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗟 𝗜𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗧𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦 What follows is a selective, chronological guide to the most important and most admired surviving Mengelberg recordings, not a complete discography. I have favored performances that…

𝗥𝗢𝗚𝗘𝗥 𝗡𝗢𝗥𝗥𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗧𝗢𝗡: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗢 𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗣 𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗢𝗙 𝗜𝗧𝗦 𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘 Few conductors have divided the musical world as violently as 𝗦𝗶𝗿 𝗥𝗼𝗴𝗲𝗿 𝗡𝗼𝗿𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘁𝗼𝗻. To his admirers, he was a visionary who…

# 𝗡𝗜𝗞𝗢𝗟𝗔𝗨𝗦 𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗢𝗡𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗧 — “…𝗜𝗧 𝗪𝗔𝗦 𝗔𝗟𝗪𝗔𝗬𝗦 𝗔𝗕𝗢𝗨𝗧 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖” ## 𝗔 𝗥𝗲𝘁𝗿𝗼𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗴𝗵 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗶𝗲𝘄𝘀 𝗘𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗯𝘆 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗙ü𝗿𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘂𝗲𝗿 Few conductors of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries transformed musical interpretation as radically as…

𝗧𝗶𝘁𝗼 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗽𝗮 — 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝘂𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲 𝗧𝗲𝗻𝗼𝗿𝗲 𝗗𝗶 𝗚𝗿𝗮𝘇𝗶𝗮 𝗢𝗳 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗧𝘄𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘁𝗵 𝗖𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘂𝗿𝘆 𝗧𝗶𝘁𝗼 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗽𝗮 was one of the most beloved Italian tenors of the twentieth century and is often regarded as perhaps the greatest…

𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗢𝗟𝗗 𝗝𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗙 𝗥𝗢𝗦𝗘́ 𝟭𝟴𝟲𝟯–𝟭𝟵𝟰𝟲 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗜𝗢𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗜𝗦𝗧 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗔𝗧 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗔’𝗦 𝗚𝗢𝗟𝗗𝗘𝗡 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗪𝗢𝗥𝗟𝗗 𝗔𝗿𝗻𝗼𝗹𝗱 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗳 𝗥𝗼𝘀𝗲́ was one of those musicians whose name is less famous among the general public than…

𝗕𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗳𝗹𝗶𝗰𝘁: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗙𝗮𝗺𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗮𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗛𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 The history of orchestral conducting is not made only of great interpretations, legendary recordings, schools of performance, and unforgettable…

𝗙𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘇 𝗞𝗿𝗲𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗲𝗿: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗺, 𝗡𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗹𝗴𝗶𝗮, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗔𝗿𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗰𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗲𝗱𝗼𝗺 ⠀ 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 – 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗶𝘃𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘇𝗲𝗱 𝗚𝗿𝗮𝗰𝗲 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘇 𝗞𝗿𝗲𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗲𝗿 was born on 𝗙𝗲𝗯𝗿𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟮, 𝟭𝟴𝟳𝟱, in 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, one…

𝗝𝗮𝘀𝗰𝗵𝗮 𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗳𝗲𝘁𝘇: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝘂𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗶𝘀𝘁 — 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗶𝗽𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲, 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝗿𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 – 𝗩𝗶𝗹𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗴𝘆 𝗝𝗮𝘀𝗰𝗵𝗮 𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗳𝗲𝘁𝘇 was born on 𝗙𝗲𝗯𝗿𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟮, 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟭, in 𝗩𝗶𝗹𝗻𝗶𝘂𝘀, then part…

𝗔𝗗𝗘𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗔 𝗣𝗔𝗧𝗧𝗜 (𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟯–𝟭𝟵𝟭𝟵) — 𝗔 𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 𝗔𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗮 𝗣𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗶 was one of the most dazzling operatic figures of the nineteenth century, a singer whose name became almost synonymous with vocal beauty, aristocratic glamour, and…

𝐋𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐤𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐤𝐢: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐖𝐢𝐳𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐎𝐟 𝐒𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐎𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐬 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐋𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐞 There are conductors who preserve tradition, and there are others who seem to reinvent the very act of orchestral music-making. 𝐋𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐤𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐤𝐢…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗖𝗥𝗔𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗜𝗢𝗟𝗜𝗡 — 𝗛𝗢𝗪 𝗡𝗔𝗧𝗛𝗔𝗡 𝗠𝗜𝗟𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗜𝗡 𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗗 𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗙𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗥𝗢𝗨𝗚𝗛 𝗣𝗨𝗥𝗘 𝗧𝗘𝗖𝗛𝗡𝗜𝗤𝗨𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗜𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗟𝗟𝗜𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗜. 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗘𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗥𝗦 Nathan Milstein (1904–1992) emerged from the extraordinarily fertile musical environment of the late…

# **Erica Morini*****, *****A Life in 20 Chapters** **Chapter 1 – Vienna, 1904** Erica Morini was born on **5 February 1904 in Vienna**, then the musical capital of Europe. She entered a world where…

# **A DETAILED STUDY OF LOUIS SPOHR’S VIOLIN TECHNIQUE** ## **I. Introduction — Spohr as Violinist: A Bridge Between Eras** To understand **Louis Spohr’s violin technique** is to stand at a crossroads in the…