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Herbert von Karajan conducting with baton, Berlin, 1969

𝐆𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐯 𝐌𝐚𝐡𝐥𝐞𝐫 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟎–𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟏) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐎𝐬𝐤𝐚𝐫 𝐅𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐝 (𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟏–𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟏), 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐚 𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐫𝐭𝐮𝐫 𝐍𝐢𝐤𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐡 (𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟓–𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟐) 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐚𝐥𝐥

𝐆𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐯 𝐌𝐚𝐡𝐥𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟕: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐘𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐇𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐝 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐕𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐧𝐚’𝐬 𝐂𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞 𝐀 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐚𝐦𝐛𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐟𝐚𝐭𝐞 For Gustav Mahler, 1897 was not merely another year in a successful conducting career. It was…

𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐦, 𝐌𝐲𝐭𝐡, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐈𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐲 Wagner stands at the center of a larger nineteenth-century phenomenon: the fusion of art with national self-imagination. He drew heavily on Germanic myth, medieval legend, heroic destiny, communal memory,…

𝐏𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐌𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐉𝐮𝐝𝐠𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 Wagner’s private life has also fed the controversy surrounding him. He was often reckless with money, dependent on patrons, unstable in friendship, extravagant in taste, and capable of deep…

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐮𝐥𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐆𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐮𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐖𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐞𝐫’𝐬 𝐒𝐞𝐥𝐟-𝐌𝐲𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲 Wagner did not merely compose works of unusual scale and ambition; he also created an image of himself as a uniquely prophetic artist. He fashioned himself as…

𝐌𝐚𝐡𝐥𝐞𝐫 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐌𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐥𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐠 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐚-𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐇𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐝, 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟔.

𝐆𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐯 𝐌𝐚𝐡𝐥𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐦 𝐌𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐥𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐠 (𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝐀𝐥𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐃𝐢𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐛𝐫𝐨𝐜𝐤 (𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭).1906

𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐞/𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞: 𝐀𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐥 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟑, 𝐒𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞 𝐏𝐥𝐞𝐲𝐞𝐥, 𝟐𝟐 𝐫𝐮𝐞 𝐑𝐨𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐭, 𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐬. 𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐉𝐨𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐖𝐨𝐥𝐟𝐟 𝐐𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐞𝐭, and others: from the left; 𝐉𝐨𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐖𝐨𝐥𝐟𝐟 (violin), 𝐉𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐩𝐡 𝐇𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐧 (cello), 𝐆𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐋𝐲𝐨𝐧 standing at the back (Administrator of Pleyel,…

𝐘𝐞𝐡𝐮𝐝𝐢 𝐌𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐡𝐢𝐧 (𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟔–𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟗) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐉𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐩𝐡 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐦 𝐌𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐥𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐠 (𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟏–𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟏)

𝐋𝐞𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐁𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐡𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚 𝐋𝐮𝐝𝐰𝐢𝐠

# **Jean Sibelius 1945** **(Santeri Levas)**

# **Jean Sibelius 1923** **(Sibelius Museum, Turku)**

# **Jean Sibelius 1915** **(Sibelius Museum, Turku)**

# **Jean Sibelius 1905** **(Sibelius Museum, Turku)**

# **Jean Sibelius 1900** **(Sibelius Museum, Turku)**

# **Jean Sibelius 1896** **(Sibelius Museum, Turku)**

# **Jean Sibelius in Berlin 1889**

# **Linda, Christian and Jean Sibelius** (Sibelius Museum, Turku)

# **Pehr Sibelius (Jean Sibelius' father)** **(Sibelius Museum, Turku)**

𝐏𝐡𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐀𝐢𝐧𝐨 𝐒𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐮𝐬, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐟𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐧𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝐉𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐒𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐮𝐬. 𝐂𝐢𝐫𝐜𝐚 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟏.