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𝐆𝐄𝐎𝐑𝐆 𝐏𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐈𝐏𝐏 𝐓𝐄𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐍 (𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟏–𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟕): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Georg Philipp Telemann (1681–1767) was born in Magdeburg on 14 March 1681 and died in Hamburg on 25 June 1767. He…

𝐀𝐑𝐂𝐀𝐍𝐆𝐄𝐋𝐎 𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐄𝐋𝐋𝐈 (𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟑–𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟑): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Arcangelo Corelli (1653–1713) was born on 17 February 1653 in Fusignano, in the Papal States, and died on 8 January 1713 in…

𝐉𝐄𝐀𝐍-𝐏𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐈𝐏𝐏𝐄 𝐑𝐀𝐌𝐄𝐀𝐔 (𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟑–𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟒): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683–1764) was born on 25 September 1683 and died on 12 September 1764. He is often remembered as the supreme…

𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐂̧𝐎𝐈𝐒 𝐂𝐎𝐔𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐍 (𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟖–𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟑): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 François Couperin (1668–1733), later called “le Grand,” was born in Paris on 10 November 1668 and died there on 11 September 1733.…

𝐉𝐄𝐀𝐍-𝐁𝐀𝐏𝐓𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐄 𝐋𝐔𝐋𝐋𝐘 (𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟐–𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟕): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632–1687) was one of the most powerful and contradictory figures in seventeenth-century music. He was born Giovanni Battista Lulli in…

𝐀𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐝 𝐕𝐚𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐲 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁𝐢𝐫𝐠𝐢𝐭 𝐍𝐢𝐥𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟒

𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧 – 𝐏𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐨𝐬 – 𝐂𝐨𝐫 𝐝𝐞 𝐆𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭, 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐦 𝐯𝐚𝐧 𝐎𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐥𝐨𝐨 & 𝐖𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐤𝐞𝐫 https://www.patreon.com/posts/beethoven-piano-153451013?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link

𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐎 𝐓𝐎𝐒𝐂𝐀𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐈 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟕–𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟕): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Arturo Toscanini (1867–1957) was one of the most admired and feared conductors in modern history. He was born on 25 March 1867…

𝐖𝐈𝐋𝐇𝐄𝐋𝐌 𝐅𝐔𝐑𝐓𝐖𝐀̈𝐍𝐆𝐋𝐄𝐑 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟔–𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟒): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Wilhelm Furtwängler (1886–1954) remains one of the most morally and historically controversial figures in twentieth-century music. He was born on 25 January…

𝐀𝐋𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐑 𝐆𝐋𝐀𝐙𝐔𝐍𝐎𝐕 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟓–𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟔): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Alexander Glazunov (1865–1936) is often remembered as the grand stabilizing figure of late Russian music: the prodigy who united nationalism with conservatory…

𝐂𝐀𝐌𝐈𝐋𝐋𝐄 𝐒𝐀𝐈𝐍𝐓-𝐒𝐀𝐄̈𝐍𝐒 (𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟓–𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟏): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Camille Saint-Saëns (1835–1921) is often remembered as the supreme French classicist of the later nineteenth century: elegant, lucid, disciplined, cultivated, brilliant, and…

**𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - Chapter 9 — Breaking** **1) Salzburg Stagnation and the Weight of Dependence** After Munich, **Mozart returned to Salzburg still without a meaningful future**. He had no major post beyond…

𝐅𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭, 𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐬𝐨𝐩𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐄𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐚𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐡 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐳𝐤𝐨𝐩𝐟 (𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟓–𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟔), 𝐒𝐰𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐨𝐫 𝐍𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐢 𝐆𝐞𝐝𝐝𝐚 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐦𝐞𝐳𝐳𝐨-𝐬𝐨𝐩𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐂𝐡𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚 𝐋𝐮𝐝𝐰𝐢𝐠, 𝟐𝟐𝐧𝐝 𝐅𝐞𝐛𝐫𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟐. (𝐏𝐡𝐨𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐲 𝐄𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐀𝐮𝐞𝐫𝐛𝐚𝐜𝐡/𝐆𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐲 𝐈𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐬)

𝐅𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭, 𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐖𝐨𝐥𝐟𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐚𝐰𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐡, 𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐬𝐨𝐩𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐄𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐚𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐡 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐳𝐤𝐨𝐩𝐟, 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐫 𝐄𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐖𝐚𝐞𝐜𝐡𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐍𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐢 𝐆𝐞𝐝𝐝𝐚 𝐚𝐭 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐲 𝐚𝐭 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐳𝐤𝐨𝐩𝐟'𝐬 𝐇𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐡𝐨𝐦𝐞, 𝟕𝐭𝐡 𝐒𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟕. (𝐏𝐡𝐨𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐲 𝐄𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐀𝐮𝐞𝐫𝐛𝐚𝐜𝐡/𝐆𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐲 𝐈𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐬)

𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧 – 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐲 𝐍𝐨. 𝟗, 𝐎𝐩. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 – 𝐈𝐫𝐦𝐠𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐒𝐞𝐞𝐟𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐝 – 𝐌𝐚𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫 – 𝐄𝐫𝐧𝐬𝐭 𝐇𝐚𝐞𝐟𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐞𝐫 – 𝐃𝐢𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐅𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐫-𝐃𝐢𝐞𝐬𝐤𝐚𝐮 – 𝐁𝐞𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐫 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐤𝐞𝐫 – 𝐅𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜 𝐅𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐬𝐚𝐲 https://www.patreon.com/posts/beethoven-no-9-153325649?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link 𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧 – 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐲 𝐍𝐨. 𝟗 𝐢𝐧 𝐃 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐨𝐫,…

𝐄𝐥𝐢𝐳𝐚𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐡 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐳𝐤𝐨𝐩𝐟 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐖𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐠𝐞: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐀𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 Elizabeth Schwarzkopf and Walter Legge formed one of the most influential, complex, and frequently debated personal and artistic partnerships in the…