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𝐇𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐧 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐧: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐛𝐞𝐥 𝐌𝐚𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐚 𝐌𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 There are conductors who preserve tradition, and there are conductors who explode it from within so that music can live again. Hermann Scherchen…

𝐄𝐔𝐆𝐄𝐍 𝐉𝐎𝐂𝐇𝐔𝐌 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟕) 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐏𝐈𝐑𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐑𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐓𝐄𝐂𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐁𝐑𝐔𝐂𝐊𝐍𝐄𝐑 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐀𝐈𝐓𝐇, 𝐅𝐋𝐎𝐖, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐈𝐍𝐍𝐄𝐑 𝐋𝐈𝐆𝐇𝐓 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 — 𝐀 𝐁𝐀𝐕𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐀𝐈𝐓𝐇 𝐄𝐮𝐠𝐞𝐧 𝐉𝐨𝐜𝐡𝐮𝐦 (𝟏 𝐍𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟐 – 𝟐𝟔 𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡…

𝐆𝐔𝐈𝐃𝐎 𝐂𝐀𝐍𝐓𝐄𝐋𝐋𝐈 (𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟎–𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟔) 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐋𝐀𝐌𝐄 𝐂𝐔𝐓 𝐒𝐇𝐎𝐑𝐓 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐈𝐓𝐀𝐋𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐂𝐀𝐑𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐃 𝐓𝐎𝐒𝐂𝐀𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐈’𝐒 𝐋𝐄𝐆𝐀𝐂𝐘 𝐈𝐍𝐓𝐎 𝐀 𝐍𝐄𝐖 𝐄𝐑𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 — 𝐀 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐃𝐈𝐆𝐘 𝐎𝐅 𝐌𝐈𝐋𝐀𝐍 𝐆𝐮𝐢𝐝𝐨 𝐂𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐢 was born on 27 April…

𝐊𝐀𝐑𝐋 𝐁𝐎̈𝐇𝐌 (𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟒–𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟏): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Karl Böhm (1894–1981) was born in Graz on 28 August 1894 and died in Salzburg on 14 August 1981. He studied law…

𝐏𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐂𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐦𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐦 𝐊𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐟𝐟 (𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟓 - 𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟏) (𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐑𝐚𝐟𝐚𝐞𝐥 𝐅𝐫𝐮𝐞𝐛𝐞𝐜𝐤 𝐝𝐞 𝐁𝐮𝐫𝐠𝐨𝐬 (𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟑 - 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟒) 𝐛𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐓𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐨 𝐂𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐧, 𝐁𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐨𝐬 𝐀𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐬, 𝐀𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐚, 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟒.…

𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐙 𝐊𝐎𝐍𝐖𝐈𝐓𝐒𝐂𝐇𝐍𝐘 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟏–𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟐) 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐈𝐄𝐑𝐘 𝐀𝐑𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐓𝐄𝐂𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐆𝐄𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐍 𝐒𝐘𝐌𝐏𝐇𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐂 𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 — 𝐁𝐄𝐓𝐖𝐄𝐄𝐍 𝐈𝐍𝐒𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐂𝐓, 𝐏𝐀𝐒𝐒𝐈𝐎𝐍, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐂𝐈𝐏𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐄 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐕𝐈𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐈𝐒𝐓 𝐓𝐎 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 𝐅𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐳 𝐊𝐨𝐧𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐬𝐜𝐡𝐧𝐲 (𝟏𝟒 𝐀𝐮𝐠𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟏 – 𝟐𝟖 𝐉𝐮𝐥𝐲 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟐) was…

𝐂𝐀𝐑𝐋 𝐒𝐂𝐇𝐔𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐇𝐓 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟎–𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟕) 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐋𝐎𝐖 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐑𝐔𝐓𝐇 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐋𝐄𝐓 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂 𝐁𝐑𝐄𝐀𝐓𝐇 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐘 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 — 𝐀 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐁𝐄𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐄 𝐀 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑 𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐥 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐭 (𝟑 𝐉𝐮𝐥𝐲 𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟎 – 𝟕 𝐉𝐚𝐧𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐲…

𝐌𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐀 𝐉𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐓𝐙𝐀 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟕–𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟐) 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐈𝐌𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐋 𝐃𝐈𝐕𝐀 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐈𝐑𝐄 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐑𝐀𝐕𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐒𝐎𝐏𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐎 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐐𝐔𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐃 𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐍𝐀, 𝐍𝐄𝐖 𝐘𝐎𝐑𝐊, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐀𝐆𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐏𝐔𝐂𝐂𝐈𝐍𝐈 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐎𝐑𝐈𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐒 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐌𝐎𝐑𝐀𝐕𝐈𝐀 𝐖𝐈𝐓𝐇 𝐀 𝐕𝐎𝐈𝐂𝐄 𝐃𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐄𝐃…

𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝐉𝐨𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐁𝐫𝐚𝐡𝐦𝐬 (𝐇𝐚𝐦𝐛𝐮𝐫𝐠, 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟑 – 𝐕𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐧𝐚, 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟕) 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐀𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝐉𝐨𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐧 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐬 (𝐍𝐞𝐮𝐛𝐚𝐮, 𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟓 – 𝐕𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐧𝐚, 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟗)

𝐆𝐄𝐎𝐑𝐆 𝐏𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐈𝐏𝐏 𝐓𝐄𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐍 (𝟏𝟔𝟖𝟏–𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟕): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Georg Philipp Telemann (1681–1767) was born in Magdeburg on 14 March 1681 and died in Hamburg on 25 June 1767. He…

𝐖𝐈𝐋𝐇𝐄𝐋𝐌 𝐅𝐔𝐑𝐓𝐖𝐀̈𝐍𝐆𝐋𝐄𝐑 (𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟔–𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟒): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Wilhelm Furtwängler (1886–1954) remains one of the most morally and historically controversial figures in twentieth-century music. He was born on 25 January…

𝐅𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭, 𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐬𝐨𝐩𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐄𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐚𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐡 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐳𝐤𝐨𝐩𝐟 (𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟓–𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟔), 𝐒𝐰𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐨𝐫 𝐍𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐢 𝐆𝐞𝐝𝐝𝐚 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐦𝐞𝐳𝐳𝐨-𝐬𝐨𝐩𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐂𝐡𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚 𝐋𝐮𝐝𝐰𝐢𝐠, 𝟐𝟐𝐧𝐝 𝐅𝐞𝐛𝐫𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟐. (𝐏𝐡𝐨𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐲 𝐄𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐀𝐮𝐞𝐫𝐛𝐚𝐜𝐡/𝐆𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐲 𝐈𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐬)

𝐅𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭, 𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐖𝐨𝐥𝐟𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐚𝐰𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐡, 𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐬𝐨𝐩𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐄𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐚𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐡 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐳𝐤𝐨𝐩𝐟, 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐫 𝐄𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐖𝐚𝐞𝐜𝐡𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐍𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐢 𝐆𝐞𝐝𝐝𝐚 𝐚𝐭 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐲 𝐚𝐭 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐳𝐤𝐨𝐩𝐟'𝐬 𝐇𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐡𝐨𝐦𝐞, 𝟕𝐭𝐡 𝐒𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟕. (𝐏𝐡𝐨𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐲 𝐄𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐀𝐮𝐞𝐫𝐛𝐚𝐜𝐡/𝐆𝐞𝐭𝐭𝐲 𝐈𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐬)

𝐀𝐍𝐉𝐀 𝐒𝐈𝐋𝐉𝐀 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐏𝐇 𝐕𝐎𝐍 𝐃𝐎𝐇𝐍𝐀𝐍𝐘𝐈: 𝐀 𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐒𝐎𝐍𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐈𝐂 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐍𝐄𝐑𝐒𝐇𝐈𝐏 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐁𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠: 𝐅𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐜𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬 Anja Silja and Christoph von Dohnányi came together in the world of postwar German opera,…

𝐆𝐔𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐕 𝐌𝐀𝐇𝐋𝐄𝐑: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Gustav Mahler was one of the most contradictory figures in music history. He was a composer of metaphysical vastness and a conductor of…

𝐌𝐀𝐗 𝐋𝐎𝐑𝐄𝐍𝐙 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟏–𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟓) - 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐖𝐀𝐆𝐍𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐓𝐄𝐍𝐎𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐒𝐀𝐍𝐆 𝐓𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐍 𝐈𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐇𝐀𝐃𝐎𝐖 𝐎𝐅 𝐇𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐁𝐄𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐆𝐒 𝐌𝐚𝐱 𝐋𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐳 (𝟏𝟎 𝐌𝐚𝐲 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟏 – 𝟏𝟏 𝐉𝐚𝐧𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟓) was born in Düsseldorf, Germany, into…

𝐖𝐎𝐋𝐅𝐆𝐀𝐍𝐆 𝐖𝐈𝐍𝐃𝐆𝐀𝐒𝐒𝐄𝐍 (𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟒–𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟒) - 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐈𝐆𝐍 𝐕𝐎𝐈𝐂𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐁𝐀𝐘𝐑𝐄𝐔𝐓𝐇 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐖𝐀𝐆𝐍𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐓𝐄𝐍𝐎𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐃𝐎𝐌𝐈𝐍𝐀𝐓𝐄𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐆𝐎𝐋𝐃𝐄𝐍 𝐀𝐆𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐓𝐖𝐀𝐑 𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐀 𝐀 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 — 𝐀𝐍𝐍𝐄𝐌𝐀𝐒𝐒𝐄, 𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟒 𝐖𝐨𝐥𝐟𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐠 𝐖𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐠𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐧 (𝟐𝟔 𝐉𝐮𝐧𝐞 𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟒 – 𝟖…

𝐑𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐬 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟒–𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟗), 𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫, 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝐑𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐝, 𝐜. 𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟒.

𝐑𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐚𝐬 𝐚 𝐲𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐨𝐲. 𝐏𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐭. 𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫. 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟒–𝟏𝟗𝟒𝟗.

𝐆𝐔𝐍𝐃𝐔𝐋𝐀 𝐉𝐀𝐍𝐎𝐖𝐈𝐓𝐙: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐈𝐋𝐕𝐄𝐑-𝐆𝐎𝐋𝐃 𝐕𝐎𝐈𝐂𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐌𝐎𝐙𝐀𝐑𝐓, 𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐔𝐒𝐒, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐏𝐔𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐓 𝐋𝐘𝐑𝐈𝐂 𝐈𝐃𝐄𝐀𝐋 𝐎𝐅 𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐓𝐖𝐀𝐑 𝐄𝐔𝐑𝐎𝐏𝐄 Gundula Janowitz belongs to that very rare group of sopranos whose voices seem to exist almost beyond ordinary…

𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐦, 𝐌𝐲𝐭𝐡, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐈𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐲 Wagner stands at the center of a larger nineteenth-century phenomenon: the fusion of art with national self-imagination. He drew heavily on Germanic myth, medieval legend, heroic destiny, communal memory,…

# **George J. Buelow — A History of Baroque Music** George J. Buelow’s ***A History of Baroque Music*** was published in **2004** by **Indiana University Press** in Bloomington. The standard bibliographic record gives the…

# **Music In The Baroque Era - From Monteverdi To Bach ** Manfred F. Bukofzer’s ***Music in the Baroque Era: From Monteverdi to Bach*** first appeared in **1947**, published by **W. W. Norton** in…

𝐇𝐄𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐍 𝐀𝐁𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐑𝐎𝐓𝐇 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐏𝐑𝐔𝐒𝐒𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐒𝐓𝐔𝐃𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐓𝐎 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐆𝐄𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐍 𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐘 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐀𝐓 𝐁𝐑𝐔𝐂𝐊𝐍𝐄𝐑 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐁𝐄𝐄𝐓𝐇𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐍 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐈𝐍 𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐊𝐅𝐔𝐑𝐓 — 𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟑 𝐇𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐧 𝐀𝐛𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐡 was born…