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𝗡𝗜𝗖𝗖𝗢𝗟𝗢̀ 𝗣𝗜𝗖𝗖𝗜𝗡𝗡𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗜𝗧𝗔𝗟𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗟𝗬𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗢𝗣𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗘 𝗚𝗟𝗨𝗖𝗞 𝗜𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔 𝗪𝗔𝗥 𝗡𝗶𝗰𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗼̀ 𝗣𝗶𝗰𝗰𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗶 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭𝟲 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟮𝟴, 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝗶, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟳 𝗠𝗮𝘆 𝟭𝟴𝟬𝟬, 𝗣𝗮𝘀𝘀𝘆, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 Among the great Italian…

𝗘́𝗧𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗘-𝗡𝗜𝗖𝗢𝗟𝗔𝗦 𝗠𝗘́𝗛𝗨𝗟: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗢𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗥𝗘𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗬 𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗥𝗘-𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗔𝗚𝗘 𝗘́𝘁𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗲-𝗡𝗶𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗮𝘀 𝗠𝗲́𝗵𝘂𝗹 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟮𝟮 𝗝𝘂𝗻𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟲𝟯, 𝗚𝗶𝘃𝗲𝘁, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟴 𝗢𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟴𝟭𝟳, 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 Among the most powerful French…

𝗟𝗨𝗜𝗚𝗜 𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗥𝗨𝗕𝗜𝗡𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢𝗦𝗘 𝗗𝗥𝗔𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗘 𝗪𝗔𝗦 𝗔𝗗𝗠𝗜𝗥𝗘𝗗 𝗕𝗬 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 𝗟𝘂𝗶𝗴𝗶 𝗖𝗵𝗲𝗿𝘂𝗯𝗶𝗻𝗶 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟴 𝗦𝗲𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟲𝟬, 𝗙𝗹𝗼𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟱 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟮, 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 Among the great transitional figures between the Classical…

𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗜𝗕𝗔𝗟𝗗 𝗚𝗟𝗨𝗖𝗞: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗖𝗨𝗘𝗗 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗘𝗠𝗣𝗧𝗬 𝗩𝗜𝗥𝗧𝗨𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗽𝗵 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗯𝗮𝗹𝗱 𝗚𝗹𝘂𝗰𝗸 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟮 𝗝𝘂𝗹𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟰, 𝗘𝗿𝗮𝘀𝗯𝗮𝗰𝗵, 𝗕𝗮𝘃𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟱 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟳, 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, 𝗔𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗮 Among the great composers of the eighteenth century,…

𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡, 𝗕𝗬 𝗝. 𝗖𝗨𝗧𝗛𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗗𝗘𝗡 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟳 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗙𝗔𝗜𝗧𝗛, 𝗡𝗔𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗘, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗨𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗘 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗘 𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗪𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 There are artists whose genius burns brightest in youth, and…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟬 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗕𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗦𝗽𝗲𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟯𝟬𝘀 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟯𝟬𝘀: 𝗖𝗿𝗼𝘀𝘀𝗿𝗼𝗮𝗱𝘀, 𝗖𝗼𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗲𝗵𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝘀, 𝗥𝗼𝘆𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝗺𝗯𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗹𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗲𝗿-Ü𝗯𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗔𝘀 𝗮 𝗣𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰 𝗠𝗮𝗻𝗶𝗳𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗼…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟵 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗮𝗿 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗽𝗼𝗶𝗻𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗣𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗶𝗻 𝗟𝗲𝗶𝗽𝘇𝗶𝗴: 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗲𝗿, 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿, 𝗧𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿, 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗮𝗿, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗧𝗵𝗼𝘂𝗴𝗵𝘁 After the first…

𝗞𝗔𝗥𝗔𝗝𝗔𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗢𝗥𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗦: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗧𝗥𝗢𝗟, 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗚𝗡𝗘𝗧𝗜𝗦𝗠 𝗢𝗙 𝗦𝗢𝗨𝗡𝗗 Few conductors in the twentieth century had a relationship with orchestral musicians as intense, productive, controversial, and psychologically complex as 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝘃𝗼𝗻…

𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡, 𝗕𝗬 𝗝. 𝗖𝗨𝗧𝗛𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗗𝗘𝗡 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟱 𝗢𝗫𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗, 𝗦𝗔𝗟𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗡, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗨𝗕𝗟𝗜𝗖 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗣𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗬 𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗦 𝗔 𝗘𝗨𝗥𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗔𝗡 𝗠𝗢𝗡𝗨𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗪𝗛𝗘𝗡 𝗙𝗔𝗠𝗘 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗦 𝗜𝗡𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗧𝗨𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 The first London journey did more than give 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟴 𝗥𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗮 𝗩𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗢𝗳𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗖𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗗𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗶𝗻 𝗟𝗲𝗶𝗽𝘇𝗶𝗴: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟮𝟬𝘀 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗔𝗿𝗿𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗱 𝗮𝘀 𝗮 𝗖𝗮𝗽𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗺𝗲𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿: 𝗖𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗮𝘀, 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗼𝗹, 𝗖𝗶𝘁𝘆, 𝗮𝗻𝗱…

𝗣𝗨𝗦𝗛𝗞𝗜𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗢𝗘𝗧 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗔𝗠𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗢𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗥𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔 No Russian writer has exerted a deeper, wider, or more decisive influence on music than 𝗔𝗹𝗲𝘅𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗲𝘆𝗲𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗣𝘂𝘀𝗵𝗸𝗶𝗻. If 𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗸𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗲 became the…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟲 𝗘𝘅𝗽𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗛𝗼𝗿𝗶𝘇𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗺𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝗻 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗿, 𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟰–𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟳 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗛𝗲𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗻’𝘀 𝗖𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗹𝗲: 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗮𝘀 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗺𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿, 𝗖𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗰𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗧𝗵𝗼𝘂𝗴𝗵𝘁 In 𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟰, Johann…

𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗚𝗜𝗨 𝗖𝗘𝗟𝗜𝗕𝗜𝗗𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗔𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗧𝗢 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗶𝘂 𝗖𝗲𝗹𝗶𝗯𝗶𝗱𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲 𝟭𝟵𝟭𝟮–𝟭𝟵𝟵𝟲 Sergiu Celibidache’s distance from opera was not a simple dislike of singing or theatre, but a consequence of his entire musical philosophy. For him,…

𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡, 𝗕𝗬 𝗝. 𝗖𝗨𝗧𝗛𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗗𝗘𝗡 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟭 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔𝗦, 𝗕𝗔𝗥𝗬𝗧𝗢𝗡𝗦, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗖𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗧 𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗧𝗔𝗜𝗡𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗦 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗔𝗜𝗟𝗬 𝗟𝗔𝗕𝗢𝗨𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦 𝗔𝗦 𝗗𝗔𝗜𝗟𝗬 𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗩𝗜𝗖𝗘 The life of 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗛𝗮𝘆𝗱𝗻 at 𝗘𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗵𝗮́𝘇𝗮 cannot be understood if one…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗟𝗘𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗣𝗦𝗬𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗙𝗜𝗟𝗘 The best documentary basis for this kind of reading is 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘕𝘦𝘸 𝘉𝘢𝘤𝘩 𝘙𝘦𝘢𝘥𝘦𝘳, edited by Hans T. David and Arthur Mendel, revised and enlarged by…

𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗦 𝗦𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗚 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗔𝗠𝗘 𝗢𝗡𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗧 𝗟𝗜𝗩𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗕𝗥𝗜𝗗𝗚𝗘𝗦 𝗧𝗢 𝗦𝗛𝗢𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗞𝗢𝗩𝗜𝗖𝗛 𝗜. 𝗕𝗢𝗥𝗡 𝗜𝗡 𝗘𝗫𝗜𝗟𝗘: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗡𝗔𝗠𝗘 𝗧𝗵𝗼𝗺𝗮𝘀 𝗦𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 was born on 𝟮 𝗢𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟵𝟰𝟮, generally given as 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗼𝘀𝗶𝗯𝗶𝗿𝘀𝗸,…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟯 𝗕𝘆𝗽𝗮𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗮 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝗽𝗽𝗿𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗲𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽 𝗙𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗟𝘂̈𝗻𝗲𝗯𝘂𝗿𝗴 𝘁𝗼 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗿, 𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟬–𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟯 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗕𝗲𝘆𝗼𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗵𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗶𝗮: 𝗦𝘁𝘂𝗱𝘆, 𝗩𝗼𝗶𝗰𝗲, 𝗢𝗿𝗴𝗮𝗻, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝘀𝘁 𝗦𝗶𝗴𝗻𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗮…

𝗔𝗟𝗧𝗢 𝗗𝗜𝗚𝗜𝗧𝗔𝗟 𝗥𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗘𝗗 𝟮 𝗔𝗟𝗖𝟭𝟭𝟲𝟬 — Monteverdi - Madrigali Erotici e Spirituale - Consort of Musicke, Anthony Rooley 𝗔𝗟𝗖𝟭𝟭𝟲𝟮 — Fritz Wunderlich Arias 𝗔𝗟𝗖𝟭𝟭𝟲𝟯 — The Best of Elisabeth Schwarzkopf 𝗔𝗟𝗖𝟭𝟭𝟲𝟱 — Wagner -…

𝗕𝗘𝗡𝗝𝗔𝗠𝗜𝗡 𝗕𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗨𝗦𝗦: 𝗔𝗗𝗠𝗜𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡, 𝗦𝗧𝗨𝗗𝗬, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗜𝗡𝗙𝗟𝗨𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗮𝗱𝗺𝗶𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗕𝗲𝗻𝗷𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 𝗕𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘂𝘀𝘀 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝗮 𝘀𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲 𝗺𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝘀𝘁𝘆𝗹𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗶𝗺𝗶𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻. Britten did not become a Straussian composer in…

𝗪𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗜𝗔𝗠 𝗦𝗛𝗔𝗞𝗘𝗦𝗣𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗺 𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗸𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗲 — 𝟭𝟱𝟲𝟰–𝟭𝟲𝟭𝟲 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗺 𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗸𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗲 was not merely the greatest dramatist of the English language; he became one of the most inexhaustible literary sources for…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗚𝗔𝗡𝗚 𝗩𝗢𝗡 𝗚𝗢𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗪𝗼𝗹𝗳𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗴 𝘃𝗼𝗻 𝗚𝗼𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗲 — 𝟭𝟳𝟰𝟵–𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟮 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗪𝗼𝗹𝗳𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗴 𝘃𝗼𝗻 𝗚𝗼𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗲 was perhaps the most important German literary figure for classical music. His poetry, dramas,…

𝗙𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗗𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗛 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗘𝗥 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗱𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗿 — 𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟵–𝟭𝟴𝟬𝟱 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗱𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗿 occupies a special place among writers whose works entered the history of classical music. He was not only one of…

𝗘𝗗𝗚𝗔𝗥 𝗔𝗟𝗟𝗔𝗡 𝗣𝗢𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗘𝗱𝗴𝗮𝗿 𝗔𝗹𝗹𝗮𝗻 𝗣𝗼𝗲, born in Boston on 19 January 1809 and dead in Baltimore on 7 October 1849, was not a musician in the professional…

𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗘𝗦 𝗗𝗜𝗖𝗞𝗘𝗡𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗗𝗶𝗰𝗸𝗲𝗻𝘀 was not a composer, nor was he primarily a musical thinker in the way that Goethe, Hoffmann, Tolstoy, or Thomas Mann could be said…