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𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟴: 𝗙𝗟𝗢𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘, 𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗘, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗖𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗬 𝗢𝗙 𝗜𝗧𝗔𝗟𝗬 (𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟲–𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟳) When Handel left Hamburg in the autumn of 1706, he was not fleeing failure. He was leaving behind a…

𝗧𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 - 𝗗𝗲𝗿 𝗚𝗲𝘁𝗿𝗲𝘂 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰-𝗠𝗲𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 - 𝗖𝗮𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗞𝗼̈𝗹𝗻 https://www.patreon.com/posts/telemann-der-155290365?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗵𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗧𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻’𝘀 𝗗𝗲𝗿 𝗴𝗲𝘁𝗿𝗲𝘂𝗲 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰-𝗠𝗲𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 is especially fascinating because this title does not refer to a single large composition like…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟰: 𝗛𝗔𝗠𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗚 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗦𝗧 𝗕𝗔𝗧𝗧𝗟𝗘𝗙𝗜𝗘𝗟𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗔𝗠𝗕𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 (𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟯–𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟰) When Handel left Halle in the spring of 1703, he was not simply changing cities. He was crossing a…

𝗜𝗴𝗻𝗮𝘇 𝗠𝗼𝘀𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗲𝘀: 𝗚𝘂𝗮𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻, 𝗚𝘂𝗶𝗱𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹𝘀𝘀𝗼𝗵𝗻 𝗔 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱 𝗼𝗳 𝗣𝗿𝗮𝗴𝘂𝗲 (𝟭𝟳𝟵𝟰–𝟭𝟴𝟬𝟴) Ignaz Moscheles was born on 𝗠𝗮𝘆 𝟯𝟬, 𝟭𝟳𝟵𝟰, in Prague, then part of the Habsburg Empire, into a well-educated German-speaking Jewish…

𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐦 𝐊𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐟𝐟: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐨𝐞𝐭 𝐎𝐟 𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐮𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐭 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐋𝐲𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐬𝐦 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐝 There are pianists whose greatness is built on force, brilliance, or spectacle, and there are others whose authority comes from something…

𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗺 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗸𝗵𝗮𝘂𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟳 – 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗔𝗽𝗲𝘅 𝗼𝗳 𝗮 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗴 𝗩𝗶𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗼𝘀𝗼 𝟭. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗬𝗲𝗮𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 By 1907, Wilhelm Backhaus (born in Leipzig in 1884) was no longer the prodigious child who…

𝐄𝐮𝐠𝐞𝐧 𝐝’𝐀𝐥𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐭: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐦𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐓𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐕𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐮𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐞 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚 There are pianist-composers whose lives seem divided between the keyboard and the score, and then there are rarer figures whose whole existence…

𝗚𝗢𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡: 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗦, 𝗠𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗦, 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗔𝗠𝗢𝗨𝗦 𝗧𝗘𝗣𝗟𝗜𝗧𝗭 𝗘𝗣𝗜𝗦𝗢𝗗𝗘 𝗜. 𝗔 𝗥𝗘𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗢𝗙 𝗔𝗗𝗠𝗜𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗕𝗘𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗚 The relationship between Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Ludwig van Beethoven began not with personal intimacy,…

𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗦𝗰𝗵ü𝘁𝘇: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗠𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗪𝗮𝘆 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗦𝗰𝗵ü𝘁𝘇 (1585–1672) stands as the most important German composer before Bach and 𝗮 𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗳𝗶𝗴𝘂𝗿𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝗼𝗾𝘂𝗲. He was…

𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗜𝗴𝗻𝗮𝘇 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗕𝗶𝗯𝗲𝗿: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻 𝗩𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝗦𝗮𝗹𝘇𝗯𝘂𝗿𝗴 𝗛𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗜𝗴𝗻𝗮𝘇 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗕𝗶𝗯𝗲𝗿 (1644–1704) was one of the most imaginative and influential composers of the Baroque era, and 𝗮𝗯𝗼𝘃𝗲 𝗮𝗹𝗹 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁…

𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗣𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗯𝗲𝗹: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗡𝗼𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗩𝗼𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗼𝘂𝘁𝗵 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗕𝗮𝗿𝗼𝗾𝘂𝗲 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗣𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗯𝗲𝗹 (1653–1706) was a leading German Baroque composer and 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗮𝗻𝘁 𝗳𝗶𝗴𝘂𝗿𝗲𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗼𝘂𝘁𝗵 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗼𝗿𝗴𝗮𝗻 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻.…

𝗗𝗶𝗲𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗕𝘂𝘅𝘁𝗲𝗵𝘂𝗱𝗲: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗡𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻 𝗠𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗪𝗮𝘆 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗕𝘂𝘅𝘁𝗲𝗵𝘂𝗱𝗲 (c. 1637–1707) was one of the most influential composers of the North German Baroque and 𝗮 𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗳𝗶𝗴𝘂𝗿𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲…

𝐊𝐚𝐫𝐥 𝐑𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐭𝐞𝐫: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐁𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐓𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐅𝐚𝐢𝐭𝐡, 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐞 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐒𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 There are musicians whose reputations rest on fashion, and others whose names remain inseparable from an entire repertory because they seemed…

𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻 - 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗲𝘀 - 𝗣𝗶𝗲𝗿𝗿𝗲 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝘂𝘅 - 𝗕𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗻 𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗻𝘆 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮, 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗰, 𝗡𝗗𝗥 𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗻𝘆 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮, 𝗡𝗕𝗖 𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗻𝘆 𝗢𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮, 𝗟𝗼𝘀 𝗔𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗣𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗰 (𝟭𝟵𝟱𝟯-𝟲𝟮, 𝗦𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗼 & 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝗼) (𝟱𝗖𝗗) https://www.patreon.com/posts/beethoven-pierre-154292562?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link 𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗻𝘆 𝗡𝗼. 𝟭 𝗶𝗻 𝗖 𝗺𝗮𝗷𝗼𝗿,…

# **𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗪𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗲𝗿 - 𝗗𝗶𝗲 𝗠𝗲𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗿 𝘃𝗼𝗻 𝗡𝘂̈𝗿𝗻𝗯𝗲𝗿𝗴 – 𝗟𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝟭𝟵𝟱𝟮** **𝗛𝗮𝗻𝘀 𝗞𝗻𝗮𝗽𝗽𝗲𝗿𝘁𝘀𝗯𝘂𝘀𝗰𝗵** – Bayreuth Festival Orchestra & Chorus [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzL2j8PaEbE&t=3133s](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzL2j8PaEbE&t=3133s) Hans Sachs – **𝗢𝘁𝘁𝗼 𝗘𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻** Eva – **𝗟𝗶𝘀𝗮 𝗗𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗮 𝗖𝗮𝘀𝗮** Walther von Stolzing –…

𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘂𝘀𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝘀 𝗦𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗼𝘄𝘀𝗸𝘆 𝗔 𝗿𝗲𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝘁𝗿𝘂𝘀𝘁, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘀𝘁𝘆𝗹𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗶𝗻𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝘀 𝗦𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗼𝘄𝘀𝗸𝘆’s connection with Richard Strauss was not a casual or distant one. It began in Vienna in the formative years…

𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘂𝘀𝘀, German composer, known for his operas, which include 𝗗𝗲𝗿 𝗥𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗻𝗸𝗮𝘃𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗲𝗿 and 𝗦𝗮𝗹𝗼𝗺𝗲; his lieder, especially his 𝗙𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗟𝗮𝘀𝘁 𝗦𝗼𝗻𝗴𝘀; and his tone poems 𝗗𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗵 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘀𝗳𝗶𝗴𝘂𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗧𝗶𝗹𝗹 𝗘𝘂𝗹𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗽𝗶𝗲𝗴𝗲𝗹’𝘀 𝗠𝗲𝗿𝗿𝘆 𝗣𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗸𝘀, 𝗔𝗹𝘀𝗼 𝘀𝗽𝗿𝗮𝗰𝗵…

𝐋𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐋𝐮𝐝𝐰𝐢𝐠: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐃𝐢𝐠𝐧𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐌𝐚𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐊𝐞𝐩𝐭 𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚 𝐀𝐥𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐖𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥, 𝐒𝐭𝐲𝐥𝐞, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐇𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐲 There are conductors whose names survive because of scandal, glamour, or sheer tyranny, and there are others whose greatness…

𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗞𝗲𝗶𝗹𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗵: 𝗔 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝟮𝟬 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘀 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟭 – 𝗘𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝗞𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘀𝗿𝘂𝗵𝗲 (𝟭𝟵𝟬𝟴–𝟭𝟵𝟮𝟲) Joseph Keilberth was born on April 19, 1908, in Karlsruhe, Germany, into a musical family. His father was a…

𝗦𝘄𝗶𝘁𝘇𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱 — 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗻 & 𝗙𝗲𝗹𝗶𝘅 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗻𝗲𝗿, 1940 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗻’𝘀 𝗦𝘁𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗻𝗲𝗿: Hermann Scherchen studied conducting and composition in Vienna, where he came into contact with Felix Weingartner. Scherchen was particularly drawn to 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗻𝗲𝗿’𝘀…

𝐁𝐫𝐮𝐧𝐨 𝐖𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐧 𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁𝐫𝐚𝐡𝐦𝐬: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐬, 𝐎𝐧𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝐎𝐧𝐞 Bruno Walter’s Beethoven and Brahms stand at the heart of the central Austro-German symphonic tradition on record, but his legacy in the two…

𝐂𝐡𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐧: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐋𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡 𝐏𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐆𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐑𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 There are conductors who dazzle through versatility, others through charisma, and a few whose authority seems to come from a much older source:…

𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐡𝐞𝐥𝐦 𝐊𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐟𝐟: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐨𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐌𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐁𝐞𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐮𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐭 𝐃𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐦 There are pianists who astonish by force, brilliance, and the sheer dazzle of their fingers, and there are others whose…

𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐙 𝐊𝐎𝐍𝐖𝐈𝐓𝐒𝐂𝐇𝐍𝐘 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟏–𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟐) 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐈𝐄𝐑𝐘 𝐀𝐑𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐓𝐄𝐂𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐆𝐄𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐍 𝐒𝐘𝐌𝐏𝐇𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐂 𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 — 𝐁𝐄𝐓𝐖𝐄𝐄𝐍 𝐈𝐍𝐒𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐂𝐓, 𝐏𝐀𝐒𝐒𝐈𝐎𝐍, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐂𝐈𝐏𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐄 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 — 𝐅𝐑𝐎𝐌 𝐕𝐈𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐈𝐒𝐓 𝐓𝐎 𝐌𝐀𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎 𝐅𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐳 𝐊𝐨𝐧𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐬𝐜𝐡𝐧𝐲 (𝟏𝟒 𝐀𝐮𝐠𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟏 – 𝟐𝟖 𝐉𝐮𝐥𝐲 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟐) was…