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𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗛 𝗢𝗙 𝗙𝗥É𝗗É𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗣𝗜𝗡 — 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗟𝗘𝗧𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗟𝗬𝗦𝗜𝗦 𝗜. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗬𝗲𝗮𝗿𝘀: 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗠𝗮𝗱𝗲 𝗩𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗯𝗹𝗲 (𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟲–𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟵) By the mid-1840s, Chopin’s health — always fragile — had entered an unmistakably worsening phase. He had…

𝐄𝐮𝐠𝐞𝐧 𝐝’𝐀𝐥𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐭: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐦𝐨𝐩𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐓𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐕𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐮𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐞 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚 There are pianist-composers whose lives seem divided between the keyboard and the score, and then there are rarer figures whose whole existence…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗗𝘂𝗲𝗹 𝗼𝗳 𝗚𝗶𝗮𝗻𝘁𝘀: 𝗣𝗼𝗿𝗽𝗼𝗿𝗮 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 𝗶𝗻 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗻 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗻 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟯𝟬𝘀: 𝗔𝗻 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗕𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱 𝗜. 𝗔 𝗖𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗧𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗧𝘂𝗿𝗻𝗲𝗱 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗼 𝗪𝗮𝗿 London in the 1730s was not merely a great musical…

𝗬𝘂𝗿𝗶 𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗽𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗻 (1887–1966) 𝗬𝘂𝗿𝗶 𝗔𝗹𝗲𝗸𝘀𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗽𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗻 was a Soviet composer best known for his large-scale vocal-symphonic and operatic works. Born in Glukhov, in the former Russian Empire, he studied in St Petersburg and later…

𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗸𝗼𝗳𝗶𝗲𝘃 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝘀𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗱 𝘄𝗶𝗳𝗲: 𝗠𝗶𝗿𝗮 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹𝘀𝗼𝗻 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗱 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗸𝗼𝗳𝗶𝗲𝘃’𝘀 𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗹𝗶𝗳𝗲 By the late 1930s, 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗲𝗶 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗸𝗼𝗳𝗶𝗲𝘃 was no longer the brilliant émigré modernist moving restlessly between Russia, Europe, and America.…

**𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟰 — 𝗥𝗲𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗻: 𝗠𝗼𝘇𝗮𝗿𝘁, 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗧𝗿𝘂𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲** **𝗜. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗲𝗱𝗼𝗺** When Mozart arrived in **Vienna in 1781**, he had at last…

𝗣𝗮𝘂 𝗖𝗮𝘀𝗮𝗹𝘀 – 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗰𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗛𝗮𝗿𝗺𝗼𝗻𝘆 (𝗔 𝗱𝗲𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗹𝗲𝗱 𝗻𝗮𝗿𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗼𝗻 𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗲𝘃𝗼𝗹𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗽𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗼𝘀𝗼𝗽𝗵𝘆, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗮𝗰𝘆 𝗮𝘀 𝗮𝗻 𝗼𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿) Pau (Pablo) Casals, although universally remembered as one of the greatest cellists…

𝐕𝐚́𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐯 𝐓𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐡: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐚𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐆𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐀 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐈𝐭𝐬 𝐎𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐕𝐨𝐢𝐜𝐞 There are conductors who inherit great orchestras, and there are conductors who create them in the deepest sense. 𝐕𝐚́𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐯 𝐓𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐡 belonged to the…

𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐨𝐬 𝐊𝐥𝐞𝐢𝐛𝐞𝐫: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐆𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐮𝐬 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐀𝐬 𝐈𝐟 𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞 𝐖𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐚 𝐌𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐋𝐢𝐟𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐃𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐡 There are conductors who build careers, and there are conductors who become legends almost in spite of…

𝐄𝐔𝐆𝐄𝐍 𝐉𝐎𝐂𝐇𝐔𝐌 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟐–𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟕) 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐏𝐈𝐑𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐑𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐓𝐄𝐂𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐁𝐑𝐔𝐂𝐊𝐍𝐄𝐑 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐀𝐈𝐓𝐇, 𝐅𝐋𝐎𝐖, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐈𝐍𝐍𝐄𝐑 𝐋𝐈𝐆𝐇𝐓 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 — 𝐀 𝐁𝐀𝐕𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐀𝐈𝐓𝐇 𝐄𝐮𝐠𝐞𝐧 𝐉𝐨𝐜𝐡𝐮𝐦 (𝟏 𝐍𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟐 – 𝟐𝟔 𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡…

𝐆𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐯 𝐇𝐨𝐥𝐬𝐭 – 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐬 – 𝐑𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐬 – 𝐀𝐥𝐬𝐨 𝐒𝐩𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐙𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚 – 𝐁𝐨𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐧 𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐧𝐲 𝐎𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚 – 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐦 𝐒𝐭𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐠 https://www.patreon.com/posts/gustav-holst-153584329?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link 𝐆𝐔𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐕 𝐇𝐎𝐋𝐒𝐓 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐏𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐄𝐓𝐒 (𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟒–𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟔) 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐎𝐑𝐈𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐒, 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐂𝐄𝐏𝐓, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐋𝐄𝐆𝐀𝐂𝐘 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐌𝐎𝐃𝐄𝐑𝐍…

𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐃𝐄́𝐑𝐈𝐂 𝐂𝐇𝐎𝐏𝐈𝐍 (𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟎–𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟗): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Frédéric Chopin (1810–1849) is often imagined as the supreme poet of the piano: aristocratic, fragile, refined, inward, and almost detached from the…

𝐆𝐔𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐕 𝐌𝐀𝐇𝐋𝐄𝐑: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Gustav Mahler was one of the most contradictory figures in music history. He was a composer of metaphysical vastness and a conductor of…

𝐀𝐍𝐓𝐎𝐍 𝐁𝐑𝐔𝐂𝐊𝐍𝐄𝐑: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Anton Bruckner is often imagined as one of the most devout, humble, and innocent figures in nineteenth-century music: the provincial Austrian master of…

𝐋𝐔𝐃𝐖𝐈𝐆 𝐕𝐀𝐍 𝐁𝐄𝐄𝐓𝐇𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐍: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Ludwig van Beethoven is often presented as the supreme heroic figure in music: defiant, original, morally elevated, and artistically invincible. Yet his…

𝐊𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐣𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐇𝐢𝐬 𝐃𝐨𝐠 — 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐢𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐭, 𝐏𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐌𝐚𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨 The image of 𝐇𝐞𝐫𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐭 𝐯𝐨𝐧 𝐊𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐣𝐚𝐧 seated quietly beside his dog is deeply revealing because it shows a side of him that…

𝐆𝐔𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐕 𝐌𝐀𝐇𝐋𝐄𝐑 & 𝐌𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐀 𝐀𝐍𝐍𝐀 “𝐏𝐔𝐓𝐙𝐈” 𝐌𝐀𝐇𝐋𝐄𝐑: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐒𝐇𝐀𝐓𝐓𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐃 𝐀 𝐂𝐎𝐌𝐏𝐎𝐒𝐄𝐑’𝐒 𝐖𝐎𝐑𝐋𝐃 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐀𝐘 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟐–𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟕) 𝐈. 𝐌𝐀𝐑𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐆𝐄 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐇𝐎𝐏𝐄: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐀𝐌𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐁𝐄𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐒 (𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟐–𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟑) On 𝐁𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐝𝐞: 𝟗 𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟐, 𝐆𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐯…

MOZART BIOGRAPHY , JAN SWAFFORD: ## 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟭 — 𝗟𝗲𝗼𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗱: 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗳𝗮𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱 𝘄𝗵𝗼 𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝘀 𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘆𝘁𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗯𝗶𝗿𝘁𝗵: 𝗳𝗲𝗮𝗿, 𝗳𝗮𝗶𝘁𝗵, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘀𝘂𝗿𝘃𝗶𝘃𝗮𝗹 The chapter opens with an intimate, almost confessional…

## 𝗝𝗲𝗮𝗻 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗼𝗻 — 𝗔𝗻𝗲𝗰𝗱𝗼𝘁𝗲𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝘂𝗿𝗶𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗘𝗽𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗱𝗲𝘀 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗮 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿-𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗕𝗿𝗶𝗱𝗴𝗲𝗱 𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗵 𝗥𝗲𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗽𝗵𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗰 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 **Jean Martinon (1910–1976)** remains one of the most fascinating French musicians of the 20th century:…

𝗪𝗛𝗬 𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗨𝗦𝗦 𝗖𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗘 𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗦𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗕𝗟𝗬 𝗖𝗔𝗟𝗟𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗢𝗦𝗧 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗟𝗘𝗧𝗘 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝟮𝟬𝗧𝗛 𝗖𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗬 Calling any single composer “the most complete” is always a value judgment, because “completeness” depends on what we choose…

𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗻 𝗗𝘃𝗼𝗿𝗮𝗸 𝗶𝗻 𝟭𝟴𝟳𝟬 𝗜𝗡𝗧𝗥𝗢𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗦𝗬𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗬 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗕𝗟𝗘 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦 Antonín Dvořák is one of the most human, warm, and emotionally transparent composers in music history. Unlike many Romantic geniuses shaped by…

# **Catholicism and Freemasonry** **(Book: Mozart, His Character, His Work** by Alfred Einstein) The attitude of educated and high-ranking Catholics in the eighteenth century toward religion was aptly captured—long before Mozart—by “Madame,” **Élisabeth Charlotte**,…

# **Josef Strauss — A Life In 20 Chapters** ## Chapter 1. Birth into a Musical Dynasty (1827) Josef Strauss was born on **20 August 1827** in Vienna, the second surviving son of **Johann…

# **J.S Bach - Open Criticism and Institutional Unpopularity** From the very beginning of his career, **Johann Sebastian Bach** showed a trait that would repeatedly bring him into conflict with authorities: **he openly criticized…