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𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗜𝗥𝗧𝗛 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗢𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗢𝗥𝗜𝗢: 𝗛𝗢𝗪 𝗔 𝗦𝗔𝗖𝗥𝗘𝗗 𝗗𝗥𝗔𝗠𝗔 𝗕𝗘𝗖𝗔𝗠𝗘 𝗢𝗡𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗦 𝗜𝗡 𝗛𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗥𝗬 The history of the 𝗼𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗼 is one of the most fascinating in all music,…

𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐆𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐨𝐝: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭 𝐎𝐟 𝐒𝐨𝐮𝐥, 𝐋𝐨𝐯𝐞, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐡 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐆𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚 𝐈𝐭𝐬 𝐅𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐈𝐭𝐬 𝐉𝐮𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐭 There are composers who astonish by formal innovation, others by orchestral daring, and others by the…

𝐇𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐁𝐞𝐫𝐥𝐢𝐨𝐳: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐞𝐭 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐓𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐎𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐞, 𝐎𝐛𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐀𝐧𝐝 𝐃𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐦 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐀 𝐍𝐞𝐰 𝐌𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐞 There are composers who refine an existing language, and there are others who seem to arrive almost…

𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 - 𝗪𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 - 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗼𝘆𝗮𝗹 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝗲𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸𝘀 - 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗶 𝗮 𝗱𝘂𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗿𝗶 - 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝗹𝗰𝗵𝘆𝗺𝗶𝘀𝘁 (𝗔𝗔𝗠, 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗛𝗼𝗴𝘄𝗼𝗼𝗱) https://www.patreon.com/posts/handel-water-for-155294563?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹’𝘀 𝗪𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰, 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗥𝗼𝘆𝗮𝗹 𝗙𝗶𝗿𝗲𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸𝘀, 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗶 𝗮 𝗱𝘂𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗿𝗶,…

𝗩𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗶 - 𝗠𝗮𝗰𝗯𝗲𝘁𝗵 - 𝗟𝗮𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗼 𝗚𝗮𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶; 𝗟𝗦𝗢; 𝗙𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿-𝗗𝗶𝗲𝘀𝗸𝗮𝘂, 𝗚𝗵𝗶𝗮𝘂𝗿𝗼𝘃, 𝗦𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗶𝗼𝘁𝗶𝘀, 𝗣𝗮𝘃𝗮𝗿𝗼𝘁𝘁𝗶, 𝟭𝟵𝟳𝟬 - 𝗦𝘁𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗼 𝗥𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 https://www.patreon.com/posts/verdi-macbeth-155285385?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link 𝗩𝗲𝗿𝗱𝗶’𝘀 𝗠𝗮𝗰𝗯𝗲𝘁𝗵 is a dark, violent, and psychologically intense opera based on Shakespeare’s tragedy. It tells the story…

𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗢𝗡𝗜𝗡 𝗗𝗩𝗢𝗥𝗔𝗞 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗣𝗜𝗚𝗘𝗢𝗡𝗦: 𝗔 𝗠𝗢𝗡𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗜𝗖 𝗘𝗦𝗦𝗔𝗬 For many listeners, Antonin Dvorak remains above all the composer of the “New World” Symphony, the Cello Concerto, the Slavonic Dances, and Rusalka. Yet one of…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟰: 𝗛𝗔𝗠𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗚 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗦𝗧 𝗕𝗔𝗧𝗧𝗟𝗘𝗙𝗜𝗘𝗟𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗔𝗠𝗕𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 (𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟯–𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟰) When Handel left Halle in the spring of 1703, he was not simply changing cities. He was crossing a…

𝗜𝗴𝗻𝗮𝘇 𝗠𝗼𝘀𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗲𝘀: 𝗚𝘂𝗮𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻, 𝗚𝘂𝗶𝗱𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹𝘀𝘀𝗼𝗵𝗻 𝗔 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱 𝗼𝗳 𝗣𝗿𝗮𝗴𝘂𝗲 (𝟭𝟳𝟵𝟰–𝟭𝟴𝟬𝟴) Ignaz Moscheles was born on 𝗠𝗮𝘆 𝟯𝟬, 𝟭𝟳𝟵𝟰, in Prague, then part of the Habsburg Empire, into a well-educated German-speaking Jewish…

𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗛𝗨𝗥 𝗥𝗨𝗕𝗜𝗡𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗜𝗡: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗬𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗦 (𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟳–𝟭𝟵𝟯𝟬) 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗜 – 𝗕𝗲𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀 𝗶𝗻 Łó𝗱ź (𝟭𝟴𝟴𝟳–𝟭𝟴𝟵𝟱) Arthur Rubinstein was born on January 28, 1887, in Łódź, then part of the Russian Empire (now Poland), into a cultured…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗛 𝗢𝗙 𝗙𝗥É𝗗É𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗣𝗜𝗡 — 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗟𝗘𝗧𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗔𝗟𝗬𝗦𝗜𝗦 𝗜. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗬𝗲𝗮𝗿𝘀: 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗠𝗮𝗱𝗲 𝗩𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗯𝗹𝗲 (𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟲–𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟵) By the mid-1840s, Chopin’s health — always fragile — had entered an unmistakably worsening phase. He had…

𝐇𝐞𝐧𝐫𝐲 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐋𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐥𝐟𝐟: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐠𝐨𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐧 𝐕𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐮𝐨𝐬𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐌𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐨 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐨 𝐁𝐮𝐫𝐧 𝐖𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐎𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐅𝐢𝐫𝐞 There are composers who survive in history through a vast catalogue, and there are others whose fame contracts over…

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗗𝘂𝗲𝗹 𝗼𝗳 𝗚𝗶𝗮𝗻𝘁𝘀: 𝗣𝗼𝗿𝗽𝗼𝗿𝗮 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹 𝗶𝗻 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗻 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗻 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟯𝟬𝘀: 𝗔𝗻 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗕𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱 𝗜. 𝗔 𝗖𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗧𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗧𝘂𝗿𝗻𝗲𝗱 𝗢𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗮 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗼 𝗪𝗮𝗿 London in the 1730s was not merely a great musical…

𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗼 𝗚𝗲𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗶: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗩𝗶𝗿𝘁𝘂𝗼𝘀𝗼 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗧𝘂𝗿𝗻𝗲𝗱 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗩𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗶𝗻 𝗔𝗿𝘁 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗼 𝗮 𝗘𝘂𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗲𝗮𝗻 𝗟𝗮𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗮𝗴𝗲 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗼 𝗚𝗲𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗮𝗻𝗶 (1687–1762) was an Italian Baroque composer, violin virtuoso, and influential music theorist, and he stands among the most important…

𝐇𝐀𝐍𝐒 𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐇𝐓𝐄𝐑 (𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟑–𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟔) 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐈𝐑𝐎𝐍 𝐀𝐑𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐓𝐄𝐂𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐖𝐀𝐆𝐍𝐄𝐑 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐁𝐑𝐀𝐇𝐌𝐒 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐀𝐓 𝐊𝐀𝐏𝐄𝐋𝐋𝐌𝐄𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐇𝐄𝐋𝐏𝐄𝐃 𝐒𝐇𝐀𝐏𝐄 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐎𝐔𝐍𝐃 𝐎𝐅 𝐋𝐀𝐓𝐄 𝟏𝟗𝐓𝐇-𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐘 𝐄𝐔𝐑𝐎𝐏𝐄 𝐁𝐈𝐑𝐓𝐇 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐋𝐘 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 — 𝐀 𝐇𝐔𝐍𝐆𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂𝐈𝐀𝐍 𝐎𝐅 𝐒𝐎𝐋𝐈𝐃 𝐂𝐑𝐀𝐅𝐓…

𝐀𝐋𝐄𝐗𝐀𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐑 𝐆𝐋𝐀𝐙𝐔𝐍𝐎𝐕 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟓–𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟔): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Alexander Glazunov (1865–1936) is often remembered as the grand stabilizing figure of late Russian music: the prodigy who united nationalism with conservatory…

𝐇𝐄𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑 𝐁𝐄𝐑𝐋𝐈𝐎𝐙 (𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟑–𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟗): 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Hector Berlioz (1803–1869) was one of the most radical and controversial composers of the nineteenth century. His life combined artistic genius, emotional…

𝐀𝐍𝐓𝐎𝐍𝐈𝐍 𝐃𝐕𝐎𝐑𝐀𝐊: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Antonin Dvorak is often remembered as one of the healthiest, warmest, and most balanced figures in nineteenth-century music: a deeply Czech composer, a…

𝐅𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐙 𝐉𝐎𝐒𝐄𝐏𝐇 𝐇𝐀𝐘𝐃𝐍: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Franz Joseph Haydn is often remembered as one of the most balanced, benevolent, and stable figures in music history: the kindly “Father…

𝐆𝐄𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐄 𝐅𝐑𝐈𝐃𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐂 𝐇𝐀𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐋: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 George Frideric Handel is often remembered as a figure of magnificence, authority, theatrical brilliance, and overwhelming musical confidence: the composer of Messiah,…

# **George J. Buelow — A History of Baroque Music** George J. Buelow’s ***A History of Baroque Music*** was published in **2004** by **Indiana University Press** in Bloomington. The standard bibliographic record gives the…

𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐘 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐙𝐎𝐋𝐓𝐀𝐍 𝐊𝐎𝐃𝐀𝐋𝐘 𝐙𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐊𝐨𝐝𝐚𝐥𝐲 (16 December 1882 Kecskemét – 6 March 1967 Budapest) was one of the most outstanding personalities of 20th century Hungarian culture: composer, ethnomusicologist, music pedagogue…

## **𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬: Chapter 4 — An Instrument at the Command of Music** **1) From Calais to London: fame arrives first (April 1764)** Nannerl notes the **tides at Calais**, then the family…

𝗡𝗜𝗞𝗢𝗟𝗔𝗜 𝗥𝗜𝗠𝗦𝗞𝗬-𝗞𝗢𝗥𝗦𝗔𝗞𝗢𝗩 — 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗛𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗦𝗧 𝗬𝗢𝗨𝗧𝗛 (1844–1865) 𝗔 𝗡𝗢𝗕𝗟𝗘 𝗕𝗘𝗚𝗜𝗡𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗜𝗡 𝗧𝗜𝗞𝗛𝗩𝗜𝗡 (1844–1856) Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov was born on March 18 (March 6 O.S.), 1844, in the provincial Russian town of Tikhvin, into…

𝗬𝗘𝗛𝗨𝗗𝗜 𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗨𝗛𝗜𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗕𝗘𝗡𝗝𝗔𝗠𝗜𝗡 𝗕𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗧𝗘𝗡 — 𝗔 𝗙𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗗𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗣 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗢𝗥𝗔𝗟 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗗𝗘𝗣𝗧𝗛 The relationship between 𝗬𝗲𝗵𝘂𝗱𝗶 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝘂𝗵𝗶𝗻 (1916–1999) and 𝗕𝗲𝗻𝗷𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 𝗕𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗻 (1913–1976) stands as one of the most intellectually and morally significant artistic…