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𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 — 𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗞 𝗝𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗢𝗫𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗦 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟯 — 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗟𝗜𝗧𝗘𝗥𝗔𝗧𝗨𝗥𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗢𝗢𝗞 𝗔𝗦 𝗔 𝗦𝗘𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗 𝗜𝗡𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗨𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 To understand Robert Schumann, one must begin with a simple…

𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 — 𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗞 𝗝𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗢𝗫𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗦 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭 — 𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗟𝗗𝗛𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗬𝗢𝗨𝗧𝗛 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗚𝗘 𝗕𝗢𝗬 𝗢𝗙 𝗭𝗪𝗜𝗖𝗞𝗔𝗨 Robert Schumann’s childhood begins not with the image of a passive…

𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 — 𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗞 𝗝𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗘𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 — 𝗢𝗫𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗 𝗨𝗡𝗜𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗦 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗙𝗔𝗖𝗘 — 𝗕𝗘𝗬𝗢𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗗 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗗 𝗥𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗜𝗖 Few composers have been more persistently surrounded by legend than 𝗥𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝘂𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻. For…

𝗚𝗜𝗢𝗩𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗜 𝗕𝗔𝗧𝗧𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗔 𝗦𝗔𝗠𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗜𝗟𝗔𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗘 𝗣𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗘𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗛𝗘𝗟𝗣𝗘𝗗 𝗖𝗥𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗣𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗬 𝗚𝗶𝗼𝘃𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗶 𝗕𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮 𝗦𝗮𝗺𝗺𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗶 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝗰. 𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟬/𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟭, 𝗠𝗶𝗹𝗮𝗻, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟱 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟱, 𝗠𝗶𝗹𝗮𝗻, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗚𝗶𝗼𝘃𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗶 𝗕𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮 𝗦𝗮𝗺𝗺𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗶 was one of the essential creators…

𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗭 𝗫𝗔𝗩𝗘𝗥 𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗛𝗧𝗘𝗥: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗛𝗘𝗜𝗠 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗕𝗥𝗜𝗗𝗚𝗘𝗗 𝗕𝗔𝗥𝗢𝗤𝗨𝗘 𝗦𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗕𝗥𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗫𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟬𝟵, 𝗛𝗼𝗹𝗲𝘀̌𝗼𝘃, 𝗠𝗼𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗮 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟮 𝗦𝗲𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟵, 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘀𝗯𝗼𝘂𝗿𝗴, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘇 𝗫𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝘁𝗲𝗿 was one of…

𝗠𝗨𝗭𝗜𝗢 𝗖𝗟𝗘𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗔𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗢𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗥𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗧𝗘𝗖𝗧 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗢𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗡 𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗢 𝗧𝗘𝗖𝗛𝗡𝗜𝗤𝗨𝗘 𝗠𝘂𝘇𝗶𝗼 𝗖𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟮𝟯 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟮, 𝗥𝗼𝗺𝗲, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟬 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟮, 𝗘𝘃𝗲𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗺, 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱 Among the great figures in the…

𝗡𝗜𝗖𝗖𝗢𝗟𝗢̀ 𝗝𝗢𝗠𝗠𝗘𝗟𝗟𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔 𝗦𝗘𝗥𝗜𝗔 𝗥𝗘𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗣𝗥𝗘𝗣𝗔𝗥𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗥𝗢𝗔𝗗 𝗧𝗢 𝗚𝗟𝗨𝗖𝗞 𝗡𝗶𝗰𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗼̀ 𝗝𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗶 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭𝟬 𝗦𝗲𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟰, 𝗔𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗮, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟮𝟱 𝗔𝘂𝗴𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟰, 𝗡𝗮𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘀, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 Among the great reforming figures of eighteenth-century opera,…

𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗖̧𝗢𝗜𝗦-𝗝𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗣𝗛 𝗚𝗢𝗦𝗦𝗘𝗖: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗔𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗛 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗣𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗬 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗩𝗢𝗜𝗖𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗥𝗘𝗩𝗢𝗟𝗨𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗬 𝗣𝗨𝗕𝗟𝗜𝗖 𝗟𝗜𝗙𝗘 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰̧𝗼𝗶𝘀-𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗚𝗼𝘀𝘀𝗲𝗰 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭𝟳 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟯𝟰, 𝗩𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗻𝗶𝗲𝘀, 𝗛𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗮𝘂𝘁 — 𝗻𝗼𝘄 𝗕𝗲𝗹𝗴𝗶𝘂𝗺 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟲 𝗙𝗲𝗯𝗿𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟵, 𝗣𝗮𝘀𝘀𝘆, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲…

𝗟𝗨𝗜𝗚𝗜 𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗥𝗨𝗕𝗜𝗡𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢𝗦𝗘 𝗗𝗥𝗔𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗙𝗜𝗥𝗘 𝗪𝗔𝗦 𝗔𝗗𝗠𝗜𝗥𝗘𝗗 𝗕𝗬 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 𝗟𝘂𝗶𝗴𝗶 𝗖𝗵𝗲𝗿𝘂𝗯𝗶𝗻𝗶 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟴 𝗦𝗲𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟲𝟬, 𝗙𝗹𝗼𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟱 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗰𝗵 𝟭𝟴𝟰𝟮, 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀, 𝗙𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 Among the great transitional figures between the Classical…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗡𝗘𝗣𝗢𝗠𝗨𝗞 𝗛𝗨𝗠𝗠𝗘𝗟: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗘𝗟𝗘𝗚𝗔𝗡𝗧 𝗩𝗜𝗥𝗧𝗨𝗢𝗦𝗢 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗕𝗘𝗧𝗪𝗘𝗘𝗡 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧, 𝗕𝗘𝗘𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗣𝗜𝗡 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗡𝗲𝗽𝗼𝗺𝘂𝗸 𝗛𝘂𝗺𝗺𝗲𝗹 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭𝟰 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟳𝟴, 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗯𝘂𝗿𝗴, 𝗞𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗱𝗼𝗺 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝘂𝗻𝗴𝗮𝗿𝘆 — 𝗻𝗼𝘄 𝗕𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘃𝗮, 𝗦𝗹𝗼𝘃𝗮𝗸𝗶𝗮 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟳 𝗢𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟴𝟯𝟳, 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗿, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆…

𝗠𝗜𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗘𝗟 𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗔𝗟𝗭𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗚 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗕𝗘𝗦𝗜𝗗𝗘 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗕𝗘𝗡𝗘𝗔𝗧𝗛 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗢𝗪 𝗢𝗙 𝗛𝗜𝗦 𝗕𝗥𝗢𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗥 𝗠𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗲𝗹 𝗛𝗮𝘆𝗱𝗻 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭𝟰 𝗦𝗲𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟯𝟳, 𝗥𝗼𝗵𝗿𝗮𝘂, 𝗔𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟬 𝗔𝘂𝗴𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟴𝟬𝟲, 𝗦𝗮𝗹𝘇𝗯𝘂𝗿𝗴, 𝗔𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗮 Among the composers of…

𝗔𝗡𝗧𝗢𝗡𝗜𝗢 𝗦𝗔𝗟𝗜𝗘𝗥𝗜: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗩𝗜𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗦𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗕𝗘𝗬𝗢𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗠𝗬𝗧𝗛 𝗔𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗼 𝗦𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗲𝗿𝗶 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭𝟴 𝗔𝘂𝗴𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝟭𝟳𝟱𝟬, 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗻𝗮𝗴𝗼, 𝗥𝗲𝗽𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗶𝗰 𝗼𝗳 𝗩𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗲, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟳 𝗠𝗮𝘆 𝟭𝟴𝟮𝟱, 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, 𝗔𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗮 Few composers of the Classical era have suffered…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗙𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗗𝗥𝗜𝗖𝗛 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗨̈𝗖𝗞𝗘𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗚 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗤𝗨𝗜𝗘𝗧 𝗘𝗟𝗘𝗚𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗟𝗔𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗔𝗟 𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗽𝗵 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗱𝗿𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟮𝟭 𝗝𝘂𝗻𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟯𝟮, 𝗟𝗲𝗶𝗽𝘇𝗶𝗴, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟮𝟲 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟵𝟱, 𝗕𝘂̈𝗰𝗸𝗲𝗯𝘂𝗿𝗴, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 Among the musical…

𝗪𝗜𝗟𝗛𝗘𝗟𝗠 𝗙𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗗𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗚𝗜𝗖 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 𝗙𝗔𝗠𝗜𝗟𝗬 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗺 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟮𝟮 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟬, 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗿, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭 𝗝𝘂𝗹𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟰, 𝗕𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗶𝗻, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 Among the children of 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗦𝗲𝗯𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵, 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗵𝗲𝗹𝗺 𝗙𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗺𝗮𝗻𝗻…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗢𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗢𝗢𝗥 𝗙𝗢𝗥 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟱 𝗦𝗲𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟯𝟱, 𝗟𝗲𝗶𝗽𝘇𝗶𝗴, 𝗚𝗲𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟮, 𝗟𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗼𝗻, 𝗘𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱 Among the sons of 𝗝𝗼𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻 𝗦𝗲𝗯𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵,…

𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗜𝗟𝗟𝗜𝗕𝗔𝗟𝗗 𝗚𝗟𝗨𝗖𝗞: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗡 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗥𝗘𝗦𝗖𝗨𝗘𝗗 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔 𝗙𝗥𝗢𝗠 𝗘𝗠𝗣𝗧𝗬 𝗩𝗜𝗥𝗧𝗨𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗧𝗬 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗼𝗽𝗵 𝗪𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗯𝗮𝗹𝗱 𝗚𝗹𝘂𝗰𝗸 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟮 𝗝𝘂𝗹𝘆 𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟰, 𝗘𝗿𝗮𝘀𝗯𝗮𝗰𝗵, 𝗕𝗮𝘃𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟱 𝗡𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟴𝟳, 𝗩𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮, 𝗔𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗮 Among the great composers of the eighteenth century,…

𝗗𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗖𝗢 𝗖𝗜𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗢𝗦𝗔: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗞𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗢𝗙 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗜𝗖 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔 𝗜𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗚𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗗𝗼𝗺𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗼 𝗖𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗿𝗼𝘀𝗮 𝗕𝗼𝗿𝗻: 𝟭𝟳 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟳𝟰𝟵, 𝗔𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗮, 𝗞𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗱𝗼𝗺 𝗼𝗳 𝗡𝗮𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘀, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝗲𝗱: 𝟭𝟭 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟭𝟴𝟬𝟭, 𝗩𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗲, 𝗜𝘁𝗮𝗹𝘆 Among the great composers of…

𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡, 𝗕𝗬 𝗝. 𝗖𝗨𝗧𝗛𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗛𝗔𝗗𝗗𝗘𝗡 - 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟮𝟬 𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗠𝗔𝗡, 𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗗𝗡 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗖𝗢𝗠𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗥 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗔𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗥 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗬𝗠𝗣𝗛𝗢𝗡𝗬 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗦𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗧𝗔 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗜𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗣𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗜𝗧 At the end of 𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗛𝗮𝘆𝗱𝗻’s story, after Rohrau,…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗘𝗣𝗜𝗟𝗢𝗚𝗨𝗘 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗜𝗱𝗲𝗮 𝗼𝗳 “𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻” 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗻𝗲𝗱 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗣𝘂𝗿𝘀𝘂𝗶𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 At the end of Johann Sebastian Bach’s life, the…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟮 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗣𝗮𝘀𝘁, 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘁, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗙𝘂𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗮𝗱𝗲: 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟰𝟬𝘀 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵: 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗥𝗲𝘁𝗿𝗼𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗦𝘂𝗺𝗺𝗮, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗟𝗲𝗴𝗮𝗰𝘆 The final decade of Johann…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟭𝟭 𝗔 𝗦𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗕𝗶𝗿𝗱 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗮𝗿𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗟𝗮𝗱𝘆 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗛𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗲 𝗗𝗼𝗺𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗳𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗟𝗶𝗳𝗲 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗛𝗼𝘂𝘀𝗲𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗱: 𝗙𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗹𝘆, 𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗸, 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰, 𝗠𝗼𝗻𝗲𝘆, 𝗣𝘂𝗽𝗶𝗹𝘀,…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟴 𝗥𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗮 𝗩𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗢𝗳𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗖𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗗𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗶𝗻 𝗟𝗲𝗶𝗽𝘇𝗶𝗴: 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝟭𝟳𝟮𝟬𝘀 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗪𝗵𝗼 𝗔𝗿𝗿𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗱 𝗮𝘀 𝗮 𝗖𝗮𝗽𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗺𝗲𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿: 𝗖𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗮𝘀, 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗼𝗼𝗹, 𝗖𝗶𝘁𝘆, 𝗮𝗻𝗱…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟳 𝗣𝘂𝗿𝘀𝘂𝗶𝗻𝗴 “𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗦𝘂𝗽𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗼𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆” 𝗖𝗮𝗽𝗲𝗹𝗹𝗺𝗲𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝗻 𝗖𝗼̈𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗻, 𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟳–𝟭𝟳𝟮𝟯 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼̈𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗻 𝗬𝗲𝗮𝗿𝘀: 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗹𝘆 𝗣𝗮𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗴𝗲, 𝗜𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗠𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿𝘆, 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗹𝘀, 𝗟𝗼𝘀𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗮𝗻𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳…

𝗝𝗢𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗡 𝗦𝗘𝗕𝗔𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗕𝗔𝗖𝗛 — 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗡 𝗖𝗛𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗢𝗣𝗛 𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗙 𝗖𝗛𝗔𝗣𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝟲 𝗘𝘅𝗽𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗛𝗼𝗿𝗶𝘇𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗺𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝗶𝗻 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗺𝗮𝗿, 𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟰–𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟳 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗛𝗲𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗻’𝘀 𝗖𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗹𝗲: 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝗵 𝗮𝘀 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿𝘁𝗺𝗮𝘀𝘁𝗲𝗿, 𝗖𝗮𝗻𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗮 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗰𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝗠𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗧𝗵𝗼𝘂𝗴𝗵𝘁 In 𝟭𝟳𝟭𝟰, Johann…