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𝗟𝗜𝗟𝗜 𝗕𝗢𝗨𝗟𝗔𝗡𝗚𝗘𝗥: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗙𝗟𝗔𝗠𝗘 𝗧𝗛𝗔 𝗕𝗨𝗥𝗡𝗘𝗗 𝗧𝗢𝗢 𝗕𝗥𝗜𝗘𝗙𝗟𝗬 — 𝗔 𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗜𝗨𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗙𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗛 𝗠𝗨𝗦𝗜𝗖 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 Among the most moving figures in the history of music, Lili Boulanger (1893–1918) stands as one of those rare…

𝗝𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗵 𝗛𝗮𝘆𝗱𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗥𝗲𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽𝘀 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗛𝗶𝘀 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗽𝗼𝗿𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀: 𝗠𝗼𝘇𝗮𝗿𝘁 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗵𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗻 𝗛𝗮𝘆𝗱𝗻 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝗺𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗹𝘆 𝗮 𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿 𝗮𝗺𝗼𝗻𝗴 𝗼𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘀. He was, in many respects, the central musical axis around which…

𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗸𝗼𝗳𝗶𝗲𝘃 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝘀𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗱 𝘄𝗶𝗳𝗲: 𝗠𝗶𝗿𝗮 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗹𝘀𝗼𝗻 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗲𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗱 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗸𝗼𝗳𝗶𝗲𝘃’𝘀 𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗹𝗶𝗳𝗲 By the late 1930s, 𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗴𝗲𝗶 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗸𝗼𝗳𝗶𝗲𝘃 was no longer the brilliant émigré modernist moving restlessly between Russia, Europe, and America.…

**𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟱 — 𝗚𝗻𝗮𝗴𝗳𝗹𝗼𝘄 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗭𝗻𝗮𝘁𝘀𝗻𝗼𝗰** **Mozart in Vienna: opera, gossip, love, independence, and the making of a new life** Mozart’s arrival in Vienna in **1781** marked the true…

𝗛𝗔𝗡𝗦 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗥𝗢𝗪𝗦𝗞𝗬 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗭𝗨𝗕𝗜𝗡 𝗠𝗘𝗛𝗧𝗔 — 𝟭𝟵𝟳𝟰, 𝗜𝗡 𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗭 The relationship between 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝘀 𝗦𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗼𝘄𝘀𝗸𝘆 and 𝗭𝘂𝗯𝗶𝗻 𝗠𝗲𝗵𝘁𝗮 belongs to 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗼𝘀𝘁 𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗼𝗿𝘁𝗮𝗻𝘁 𝘁𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗲𝗿-𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗰𝗶𝗽𝗹𝗲 𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗮𝗴𝗲𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗽𝗼𝘀𝘁𝘄𝗮𝗿 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴. Swarowsky was 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲…

𝗥𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗱 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘂𝘀𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝘀 𝗦𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗼𝘄𝘀𝗸𝘆 𝗔 𝗿𝗲𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗵𝗶𝗽 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗲𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗴, 𝘁𝗿𝘂𝘀𝘁, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘀𝘁𝘆𝗹𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗶𝗻𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗛𝗮𝗻𝘀 𝗦𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗼𝘄𝘀𝗸𝘆’s connection with Richard Strauss was not a casual or distant one. It began in Vienna in the formative years…

𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐔𝐑𝐎 𝐓𝐎𝐒𝐂𝐀𝐍𝐈𝐍𝐈 — 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐃𝐄𝐀𝐓𝐇 𝐎𝐅 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐘𝐎𝐔𝐍𝐆𝐄𝐑 𝐒𝐎𝐍 𝐆𝐈𝐎𝐑𝐆𝐈𝐎 𝐈𝐍 𝐁𝐔𝐄𝐍𝐎𝐒 𝐀𝐈𝐑𝐄𝐒 𝐎𝐍 𝟏𝟎 𝐉𝐔𝐍𝐄 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟔 — 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐘 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐈𝐑𝐂𝐔𝐌𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐄𝐒 𝐈. 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐥𝐲 𝐛𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐥𝐨𝐰 Arturo Toscanini married Carla De Martini on…

𝐕𝐚́𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐯 𝐓𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐡: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐚𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐆𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐀 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐈𝐭𝐬 𝐎𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐕𝐨𝐢𝐜𝐞 There are conductors who inherit great orchestras, and there are conductors who create them in the deepest sense. 𝐕𝐚́𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐯 𝐓𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐡 belonged to the…

𝐓𝐮𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐨 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐟𝐢𝐧: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐚𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡 𝐖𝐡𝐨 𝐒𝐡𝐚𝐩𝐞𝐝 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚, 𝐂𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐬, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐁𝐞𝐥 𝐂𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐧 𝐀𝐠𝐞 There are opera conductors who serve repertory, and there are opera conductors who seem almost to stand…

**𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧 𝗜𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗’𝗦 𝗕𝗜𝗢𝗚𝗥𝗔𝗣𝗛𝗬 - 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐩𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝟏𝟎 — 𝐍𝐨 𝐕𝐚𝐜𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐇𝐞𝐫𝐞** **𝐒𝐚𝐥𝐳𝐛𝐮𝐫𝐠 𝐋𝐞𝐟𝐭 𝐁𝐞𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐝: 𝐀 𝐃𝐞𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐅𝐮𝐥𝐥 𝐨𝐟 𝐓𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧** When **Wolfgang Mozart** and his mother **Maria Anna Mozart** left Salzburg in **September 1777**, this…

𝐄𝐥𝐢𝐳𝐚𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐡 𝐒𝐜𝐡𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐳𝐤𝐨𝐩𝐟 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐖𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐠𝐞: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐀𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐀𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 Elizabeth Schwarzkopf and Walter Legge formed one of the most influential, complex, and frequently debated personal and artistic partnerships in the…

𝐀𝐍𝐉𝐀 𝐒𝐈𝐋𝐉𝐀 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐎𝐏𝐇 𝐕𝐎𝐍 𝐃𝐎𝐇𝐍𝐀𝐍𝐘𝐈: 𝐀 𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐒𝐎𝐍𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐈𝐂 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐍𝐄𝐑𝐒𝐇𝐈𝐏 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐁𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠: 𝐅𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐎𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐜𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬 Anja Silja and Christoph von Dohnányi came together in the world of postwar German opera,…

𝐉𝐎𝐇𝐀𝐍𝐍𝐄𝐒 𝐁𝐑𝐀𝐇𝐌𝐒: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Johannes Brahms is often remembered as the great embodiment of musical seriousness, structural mastery, emotional reserve, and artistic integrity: the bearded classicist of…

𝐅𝐄𝐋𝐈𝐗 𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐄𝐋𝐒𝐒𝐎𝐇𝐍: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐌𝐎𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐎𝐋𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐃𝐈𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐘 𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 Felix Mendelssohn lived a life that seemed outwardly orderly, brilliant, elegant, and successful. Yet beneath that polished surface lay a series of deep…

𝐊𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐣𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐇𝐢𝐬 𝐃𝐨𝐠 — 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐢𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐭, 𝐏𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚 𝐌𝐚𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨 The image of 𝐇𝐞𝐫𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐭 𝐯𝐨𝐧 𝐊𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐣𝐚𝐧 seated quietly beside his dog is deeply revealing because it shows a side of him that…

𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐀𝐌𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐎𝐅 𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐑𝐃 𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐔𝐒𝐒: 𝐌𝐀𝐑𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐆𝐄, 𝐇𝐎𝐌𝐄, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐎𝐍𝐋𝐘 𝐒𝐎𝐍 𝐑𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐬 is often remembered as the brilliant composer of Salome, Elektra, Der Rosenkavalier, and the great tone poems, but behind the public…

𝐊𝐈𝐑𝐈𝐋𝐋 𝐊𝐎𝐍𝐃𝐑𝐀𝐒𝐇𝐈𝐍 — 𝐄𝐗𝐈𝐋𝐄, 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐄𝐃𝐎𝐌 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀 𝐅𝐈𝐍𝐀𝐋 𝐅𝐋𝐀𝐌𝐄: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐋𝐀𝐒𝐓 𝐏𝐇𝐀𝐒𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐌𝐀𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐑 (𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟖–𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟏) 𝐈. 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐑𝐄𝐀𝐊 𝐖𝐈𝐓𝐇 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐎𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐓 𝐖𝐎𝐑𝐋𝐃 (𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟖) By the late 1970s, 𝐊𝐢𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐏𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐊𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐧 (𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟒–𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟏) was already…

𝐂𝐎𝐒𝐈𝐌𝐀 𝐋𝐈𝐒𝐙𝐓 & 𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐑𝐃 𝐖𝐀𝐆𝐍𝐄𝐑: 𝐋𝐎𝐕𝐄, 𝐒𝐂𝐀𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐋, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐔𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐎𝐅 𝐁𝐀𝐘𝐑𝐄𝐔𝐓𝐇 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐀𝐘 (𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟕–𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟎) 𝐈. 𝐎𝐑𝐈𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐀 𝐅𝐀𝐓𝐀𝐋 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐍𝐄𝐑𝐒𝐇𝐈𝐏 (𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟕–𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟔) 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐦𝐚 𝐋𝐢𝐬𝐳𝐭 was born on 𝐁𝐨𝐥𝐝 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐝𝐞: 𝟐𝟒 𝐃𝐞𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟕…

𝐆𝐔𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐕 𝐌𝐀𝐇𝐋𝐄𝐑 & 𝐉𝐔𝐒𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐄 𝐌𝐀𝐇𝐋𝐄𝐑: 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐒𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝐖𝐇𝐎 𝐇𝐄𝐋𝐃 𝐇𝐈𝐒 𝐋𝐈𝐅𝐄 𝐓𝐎𝐆𝐄𝐓𝐇𝐄𝐑 — 𝐀 𝐂𝐇𝐑𝐎𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐈𝐂𝐀𝐋 𝐄𝐒𝐒𝐀𝐘 𝐎𝐅 𝐋𝐎𝐕𝐄, 𝐃𝐔𝐓𝐘, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐄𝐗𝐈𝐋𝐄 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟖–𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟖) 𝐈. 𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐋𝐃𝐇𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐅𝐀𝐌𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐂𝐑𝐔𝐂𝐈𝐁𝐋𝐄 (𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟖–𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟖) 𝐉𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐞 (𝐄𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐞) 𝐌𝐚𝐡𝐥𝐞𝐫 was born…

𝐀𝐋𝐌𝐀 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐀𝐑𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐃 𝐑𝐎𝐒𝐄́: 𝐌𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐂, 𝐅𝐀𝐌𝐈𝐋𝐘, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐆𝐄𝐃𝐘 𝐓𝐇𝐀𝐓 𝐁𝐑𝐎𝐊𝐄 𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐍𝐀 𝐈. 𝐀 𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐍𝐄𝐒𝐄 𝐃𝐘𝐍𝐀𝐒𝐓𝐘 𝐁𝐄𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐄 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐂𝐀𝐓𝐀𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐎𝐏𝐇𝐄 Few musical stories condense the grandeur and the collapse of Central European culture as sharply…

𝗚𝗘𝗡𝗡𝗔𝗗𝗬 𝗥𝗢𝗭𝗛𝗗𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗩𝗘𝗡𝗦𝗞𝗬 (1931–2018) 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗗𝗠𝗜𝗧𝗥𝗜 𝗦𝗛𝗢𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗞𝗢𝗩𝗜𝗖𝗛 (1906–1975) — 𝗔 𝗗𝗘𝗘𝗣 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗙𝗘𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗔𝗟𝗟𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗔𝗥𝗧𝗜𝗦𝗧𝗜𝗖 𝗧𝗥𝗨𝗦𝗧 The relationship between 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗻𝗮𝗱𝘆 𝗥𝗼𝘇𝗵𝗱𝗲𝘀𝘁𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘀𝗸𝘆 and 𝗗𝗺𝗶𝘁𝗿𝗶 𝗦𝗵𝗼𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗸𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗰𝗵 stands as one of the most important composer–conductor collaborations in the…

𝗠𝗢𝗭𝗔𝗥𝗧: 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗥𝗘𝗜𝗚𝗡 𝗢𝗙 𝗟𝗢𝗩𝗘 — 𝗝𝗔𝗡 𝗦𝗪𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗗 Mozart: The Reign of Love (2014) by Jan Swafford is one of the most substantial modern biographies of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791). Written by the distinguished…

𝗠𝗔𝗥𝗜𝗦 𝗝𝗔𝗡𝗦𝗢𝗡𝗦 (1943–2019) 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗛𝗘𝗥𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧 𝗩𝗢𝗡 𝗞𝗔𝗥𝗔𝗝𝗔𝗡 (1908–1989) — 𝗔 𝗦𝗜𝗟𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗟𝗜𝗡𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗜𝗡𝗙𝗟𝗨𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘 The relationship between 𝗠𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘀𝗼𝗻𝘀 and 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗯𝗲𝗿𝘁 𝘃𝗼𝗻 𝗞𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗷𝗮𝗻 was indirect but historically significant, rooted less in formal mentorship than…

𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗕𝗜𝗥𝗧𝗛 𝗢𝗙 𝗔 𝗠𝗔𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗢 — 𝗟𝗘𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗡𝗦𝗧𝗘𝗜𝗡’𝗦 𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗘 𝗔𝗦 𝗔 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗢𝗥 (𝟭𝟵𝟯𝟱–𝟭𝟵𝟰𝟱) 𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗬 𝗜𝗡𝗙𝗟𝗨𝗘𝗡𝗖𝗘𝗦 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗖𝗢𝗩𝗘𝗥𝗬 𝗢𝗙 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗡𝗚 Leonard Bernstein (1918–1990) did not begin as a conductor in the conventional European sense.…